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The Alphabetical List—British Soldiers A–B

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In July 2013 my friend Brian Sims sent me a set of photographs of a remarkable document he had uncovered in the British National Archives.

One hundred thirty-eight pages in length, Italy: Imperial Prisoners of War Alphabetical List, Section 1, British Army, contains the names of thousands of British prisoners of war, along with their ranks, service numbers, and the military units to which they belonged.

The booklet is divided into sections for officers and “other ranks.”

Because officers were not typically interned at P.G. 59, only three are listed.

These officers provided healthcare to the internees: Captain T. R. Hodgson, Royal Army Dental Corps (serving as the camp’s dentist); Captain J. H. D. Millar, Royal Army Medical Corps (the chief medical officer for the camp); and A. R. Duff Royal Army Medical Corps (also a camp medical officer).

I am unsure of why Brigadier S. William, Royal Artillery, was present in the camp.

Sergeant Major T. W. Hegarty was P.G. 59 camp leader before Captain Millar assumed that role on September 9, 1943 due to Hegarty’s sudden incapacity. Hegarty, R.S.M. (Regimental Sergeant Major—a non-commissioned rank), Royal Armoured Corps, is listed among other ranks in this document.

This post contains the names of the officers and names A–B of other ranks—147 men in all.

I will share the rest of the British P.G. 59 internees’ names in future posts.

The Alphabetical List has no printed date, and at first I wondered if it was produced during the war for use as a handbook, or if it was printed after the war as an historical record. It turns out the document itself contains clues to its publication date.

In the book, William Armitt, John “Jock” Attrill, Frank Bayley, and John “Jock” Hamilton—the subjects of the musical documentary Hands Up—For You the War is Ended—are all listed as P.G. 59 internees.

I know from these four men’s repatriation records (also courtesy of Brian Sims) that William Armitt and Frank Bayley were interned at P.G. 59 from January 31, 1942 to May 15, 1943; “Jock” Hamilton from January 1, 1942 to May 15, 1943; and “Jock” Attrill from January 1942 to June 1943.

In May/June 1943 they were all transferred to P.G. 146/22 Vairano.

If these dates are an accurate reflection of where the men were interned at the time the Alphabetical List went to press, that would put its publication date at circa January 1942–May 1943.

Here is the list of officers and other ranks A-B, followed by a key to acronyms and abbreviations:

Officers

Duff, A. R. – Capt. – 115475 – R.A.M.C.
Hodgson, T. R. – Capt. – 128124 – A.D.C.
Millar, J. H. D. – Capt. – 98370 – R.A.M.C.
William, S. – Brig. – 13403 – R.A.

Other Ranks, A–B

Page 8
Achilles, C. – Cfm. 7614430 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44

Page 9
Adam, G. T. – Drv. – T/70369 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Adams, A. G. – Drv. – 1871731 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Adams, G. A. – Tpr. – 7909165 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Adamson, A. F. – Pte. – 6144598 – E. Surr – R.O. No. 23
Aitken, G. – L/Sgt. – 2980168 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Alden, G. – L/Cpl. T/151075 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Alexander, J. – L/Cpl. – 5506613 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 29
Allan, G. E. – Sgt. – 7621207 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32
Allaway, A. J. – L/Sgt. – 6914278 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Allen, B. J. – Sgt. – T/75228 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Allen, G. R. – L/Cpl. – 186837 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 24 (number is unclear)
Allen, F. J. – Gnr. – 876990 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 10
Allen, F. A. – Tpr. – 7915102 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Allenby, H. M. – Sgt. – 549921 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Allison, J. F. – Gnr. – 836851 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Alliston, W. – Gnr. – 1681705 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Allum, D. W. – Sgm – 2585112 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Almond, V. – Tpr. – 4538455 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Alnwick, R. – Pte. – 6284971 – Buffs. – R.O. No. 23
Anderson, C. – Gnr. – 1432941 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6

Page 11
Archer, H. E. – Gnr. – 1544134 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Armitt, Wm. – Dvr. – T/165163 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Armour, D. – Tpr. – 315436 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Arndle, F. W. – Pte. – 5506620 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Ashburn, J. H. – Gnr. – 4544652 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Ashburner, H. B. – Rfn. – 6852905 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Ashford, G. W. – L/Cpl. – 7881830 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Ashton, W. – Tpr. – 554018 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 12
Atkins, T. A. – Sgt. – 6341283 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Atkinson, J. L. – Sgm. – 2583123 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Atrill, J. C. – L/Bdr. – 1437951 – R.A. – R.O. No. 8
Austin, W. A. – Sgt. – 6845204 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Averlone, V. – Pte. – 6023593 – Essex – R.O. No. 21
Aylett, W. – B. S. M. – 1070347 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Babbington, J. W. – Cpl. – 6700562 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bagley, J.E. – Tpr. – 551916 – R.C.A. – R.O. No. 3

Page 13
Bailey, D. N. – Tpr. – 7896934 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bailey, F. T. – Cpl. – 7899996 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Baker, C. H. – Gnr. – 948455 – R.A. – R.O. No.5
Baker, E. J. – Cpl. – 2326800 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Balchin, A. J. – Dvr. – T/202289 – R.A.S.C – R.O. No. 29
Balfour, A. J. – Gnr. – 1438900 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Ballam, H. K. – Pte. – 5505936 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 2_ (this is a two digit number, but the edge of the page is torn off)
Baly, G. – Sgm. – 2330359 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10

Page 14
Banks, A. V. – Sgt. – 922719 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barbour, N. W. – Tpr. – 321467 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Barker, R. E. – Sgm. – 2334700 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Barlow, G. – Dvr/i/c – 1099347 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barnard, J. W. – Pte. – 6143343 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Barnes, A. G. – Pte. – 5494917 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Barr, M. – Rfm. – 6913634 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24

Page 15
Barron, H. A. – Sgt. – 6913166 – R.O. No. 24
Bartleman, J. – Dvr. – 71029 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bartlett, L. F. – Gnr. – 1147186 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barton, T. – Cfn. – 7590638 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Baskett, H. W. – Dvr. – T/164277 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 16
Baxter, W. – Pte. – 4453412 – D.L.I. – R.O. No. 20
Bayes, E. A. – Dvr. – 2000063 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bayley, F. E. – Tpr. – 7909091 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Beale, J. W. – Tpr. – 7909517 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Beaumont, H. C. – Gnr. – 1135435 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Beavington, M. A. J. – Pte. – 7371994 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Beckerman, H. – Tpr. – 7901308 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 17
Bell, E. R. – Cfn. – 7614908 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Bellin, R. – L/Cpl. – T/164386 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Belson, W. S. – Gnr. – 978924 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bennett, S. A. – Dvr. – T/189052 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bennett, N. A. – L/Cpl. – 2585622 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Bennett, L. J. – Rfn. – 6852591 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Benson, G. H. – Rfn. – 6852592 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 30
Bentley, J. H. – Sgt. – 1432971 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Bentley, C. – Fus. – 14241648 – R.W.F. – R.O. No. 19

Page 18
Bindler, J. – Rfm. – 6920233 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Birchall, C. W. – Rfm. – 6844370 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Bird, G. H. – Gnr. – 936021 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Birkinshaw, B. – L/Sgt. – 785750 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bishop, E. W. H. – Gnr. – 953333 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Bishop, A. – Cpl. – 5947915 – B. & H. – R.O. No. 21
Bishop, L. F. – Tpr. – 7893400 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Blaby, F. J. – L/Sgt. – 7886593 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Black, J. – Pte. – 7375090 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Blackwell, G. H. – Drv. – 164271 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blake, G. W. B. – Drv. – T/136380 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 19
Blake, G. C. – Pte. – 5501875 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Blogg, N. – Pte. – S/3859571 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blondel, F. O. O. – Pte. – 7634404 – R.A.O.C – R.O. No. 32
Blood, F. – Pte. – 7357196 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Blyth, A. B. – Drv. – T/107681 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blyth, J. – Sgt. – 403630 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 30
Boanas, G. A. – Drv. – 1907665 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bonner, C. – Rfm. – 6910904 – R.Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bonness, D. J. – Tpr. – 7889903 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Booker, A. G. – Pte. – 7629946 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32

Page 20
Boulter, V. – Drv. – T/164744 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bourke, F. G. – Cpl. – 7890321 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Boutell, A. – Tpr. – 7910544 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Boxall, R. E. – L/Cpl. – 85018 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Boyd, J. McD. – Pte. – 92100 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Boyd, J. – Gnr. – 845371 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 21
Boyle, P. J. – Drv. – 164976 – R.A.SC. – R.O. No. 29
Bozzone, J. A. L. – Tpr. – 7887518 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Brack, J. – L/Sgt. – 319428 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bradford, C. J. P. – Rfm. – 6915262 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brady, M. – Tpr. – 7909693 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Brawn, R. – Bdr. – 1433896 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Breadmore, L. J. – Drv./i/c – 1118236 – R.A. – R.O. No.5
Brewer, G. G. – Rfm. – 6920249 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brewster, D. T. – Tpr. – 7918123 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 22
Briers, H. A. – Drv. – 164496 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Briggs, A. J. – Drv. – 164275 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bringloe, W. G. – Rfm. – 6920259 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bristow, E. S. G. – Cfn. – 7616589 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Broad, S. R. T. – Rfm. – 6913330 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brook, D. E. M. – Tpr. – 7905220 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 23
Brown, E. L. – Drv. – 1061983 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Brown, A. M. E. – Gnr. – 1095609 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brown, H. T. – Gnr. 1110005 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brown, M. – Sgm. – 2047459 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Brown, R. E. – L/Cpl. – 6011052 – Essex – R.O. No. 21
Brown, F. G. – Drv. – T/164274 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Brown, E. – Gnr. – 850483 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brownlie, R. E. – Spr. – 2004944 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Broxup, A. – Tpr. – 3529759 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bruce, C. – Sgt. – 2758668 – Bk. Watch – R.O. No. 16

Page 24
Bruce, F. – Tpr. – 7914046 – R.O. No. 3
Bryan, J. E. – Drv. – T/223011 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bryant, J. S. – Spr. – 1865335 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bryson, P. – Sgt. – 2978709 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bucklen, H. E. – Pte. – 6208520 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Bull, L. – Drv. – 164625 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bullimore, L. C. – Drv. – 164650 R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bunting, W. – Pte. – 5502925 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Burgess, H. – Gnr. – 1559674 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6

Page 25
Burke, P. J. – Gnr. – 1095614 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Burke, M. J. – Pte. – 7264949 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Burk, P. O. – Pte. – 7265212 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Burns, M. – L.Cpl. – 319522 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Burns, J. – Pte. – 2989950 – A. & S.H. – R.O. No. 16
Burrows, L. C. – Pte. – 5496183 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Burton, L. – Pte. – 6287115 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23
Burton, F. E. – Rfm. 6852139 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Bust, F. – Drv. – T/164537 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Acronyms and Abbreviations

A. & S.H. – Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
A.A.C. – Army Air Corps
A.A.A.C. – Australian Army Aviation Corps
A.D.C. – This is an acronym for a unit name, possibly the Royal Army Dental Corps (R.A.D.C.)

B. & H. – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
B.S.M. – Battery Sergeant-Major
Bk. Watch – Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)
Bord. – Border Regiment
Brig. – Brigadier
Buffs – Royal East Kent Regiment (“The Buffs”)

C.G. – Coldstream Guards
C.S.M. – Company Sergeant Major
Cam. H.– Cameron Highlanders
Camns. – it seems likely this also refers to the Cameron Highlanders
Capt. – Captain
Cfn./Cfm. – Craftsman
Cpl. – Corporal

D.L.I. – Durham Light Infantry
Drv. – Driver
Dvr/i/c – Driver (meaning of i/c unknown)

E. Surr – East Surrey Regiment
Essex – Essex Brigade

Fus. – Fusilier

Gdsm. – Guardsman
Gn. How. – (unit name, full name unknown)
Gnr. – Gunner

Hamp. – Hampshire Regiment

K.R.R.C. – King’s Royal Rifle Corps

L/Bdr. – Lance Bombardier
L/Cpl. – Lance Corporal

P.S.M. – (rank unknown, may refer to a type of sergeant major)
Pte. – Private

Q.M.S. – Quartermaster Sergeant

R. Bde. – Rifle Brigade
R. Sigs. – Royal Signals
R.A. – Royal Artillery
R.A.C. – Royal Armoured Corps
R.A.M.C. – Royal Army Medical Corps
R.A.O.C. – Royal Army Ordnance Corps
R.A.S.C. – Royal Army Service Corps
R.E. – Royal Engineers
R.E.M.E. – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
R. Ir. R. – this may be the Royal Irish Rifles (although they became the Royal Ulster Rifles in January 1921)
R.O. – Radiotelephone Operator
R.U. Rif. – Royal Ulster Rifles
R.W.F. – Royal Welch Fusiliers

Rfn. – Rifleman

S.W.B.– South Wales Borders
S. Staff – (unit name, full name unknown)
Sgm./Sgmn. – Signalman
Sgt. – Sergeant
Sjt. – Serjeant (a variant of sergeant)
Spr. – Sapper

Tpr. – Trooper

W.G. – Welsh Guards
Welsh – may also refer to the Welsh Guards



The Alphabetical List—British Soldiers C–F

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In “The Alphabetical List—British Soldiers A–B” I explained how in 2013 researcher Brian Sims gave me access to a booklet entitled Italy: Imperial Prisoners of War Alphabetical List, Section 1, British Army.

The Alphabetical List contains the names of thousands of British prisoners of war interned in Italian camps, apparently compiled in 1942 or the spring of 1943.

Below is a list of soldiers C–F who were documented as P.G. 59 internees.

A key to acronyms and abbreviations follows the list.

Page 26
Cade, J. W. – Gnr. – 1433324 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Cahill, P. – Tpr. – 3597294 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cairns, G. F. – Tpr. 7887665 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Calder, R. – Drv. – T/17143 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Caldwell, G. – Gnr. – 1438906 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Cameron. N. W. – Cpl. – T/128221 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Cammack, H. M. – Gnr. – 1504725 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 27
Cannon, W. E. – Tpr. – 310798 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cannon, F. C. – Pte. – 5507161 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Card, J. F. – Pte. – T/87649 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Cardew, C. E. – Sgt. – 5334982 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Carey, J. H. – Cpl. – 5569678 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Carlile, A. – L/Cpl. – 7887425 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Carr, B. – Drv. – 1498710 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Carre, E. – Drv. – T/107828 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Carter, J. – Gnr. – 1568749 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Carter, G.A. – Pte. – 5501865 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23

Page 28
Caselton, E.A. – Tpr. – 7916190 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cash, G. H. – Gnr. – 494037 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Cashman, J. – Gnr. – 1138649 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Cass, E. – Gnr. – 932138 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Catchpole, W. E. A. – Pte. – 4393035 – Gn. How. – R.O. No. 20
Cato, D. E. – Pte. – T/178963 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Cavanagh, L. – Gnr. – 964741 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Cawley, T. – Gnr. – 964005 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Chalkley, G. J. – Pte. – 5952890 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Chapman, R. – Gnr. – 940885 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 29
Chapman, G. W. – P.S.M. – 6284978 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23
Charles, G. E. – Drv. – T/172649 – R.A.S.C.– R.O. No. 29
Chessell, A. – Pte. – 7264690 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Chilton, F. – Gnr. – 1432902 – R.A. – R.O. No.6
Chivers, S. A. – Tpr. – 7909731 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Christie, R. D. – L/Bdr. – 1085435 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Church, E. F. C. – Pte. – 6149306 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Churcher, R. C. – Pte. – Pte. – 6145252 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Clack, L. H. – Cpl. – 5496127 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23

Page 30
Claricoats, G. H. – Tpr. – 7910094 – R.A.C. – R.O. No.3
Clark, J. F. – Drv. – T/136722 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Clark, W. – Cpl. – 318423 – R.A.C. – R.O. No.3
Clark, K. J. – Gnr. – 910828 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Clark, D. W. – Sgm. – 2586429 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Clarke, G. H. – Tpr. – 420554 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Clarke, H. J. – L/Bdr. – 802715 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Clarke, V. E. – Pte. – 6148727 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Clayton, E. – Bdr. – 815454 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Clayton. F. E. – L/Cpl. – 6140555 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Clayton, S. – Tpr. – 7911622 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 31
Clews, C. S. – Rfm. – 6916312 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Cliffe, W. – Pte. – 4806856 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Clinton, J. – Tpe. – 319442 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cole, E. S. – Pte. – 5502781 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Cole, C. A. N. – Pte. – S/107140 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 32
Condron, E. C. – Tpr. – 4807661 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Connolly, C. – Tpr. – 553769 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Connolly, T. – Pte. – 2935232 – Cam. H. – R.O. No. 16
Constable, E. E. – Gnr. – 860182 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Cooke, J. H. – Tpr. – 320779 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cooke, C. – Tpr. – 773277 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 33
Cookson, C. K. – Dvr. – T/107764 –R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Coombes, V. – Gnr. – 889314 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Corser, R. – Pte. – 842487 – A.A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Cory, J. G. – Rfm. – 6010372 – R.U. Rif. – R.O. No. 17

Page 34
Coupe, T. – Tpr. – 7888670 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cox, L. – Sgt. – 863026 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Cox, V. H. J. – Pte. – 7017233 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45

Page 35
Crawford, G. A. – Tpr. – 7925716 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Creese, K. R. – L/Sgt. – 553798 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Creighton, F. A. – Dvr. – T/174857 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Creighton, F. – Pte. – 3252425 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Cross, M. A. C. – Sgm. – 2578825 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Crouch, E. E. – Dvr. – 889399 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 36
Cumner, R. A. – Tpr. – 6086361 – R.A.C. – R.O. No.3
Cunningham, S. – Dvr. – 190011 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Curtis, A. – Dvr. – 231319 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Dakin, A. – L/Bdr. – 1034111 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 37
Dalton, J. – Sgt. – 7883309 – R.A.C. – R.O. No.3
Dance, H. – Cpl. – 65538 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Dan, W. T. – Tpr. – 7937539 – R.A.C. R.O. No. 3
Davies, J. – Gnr. – 1074052 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Davies, J. W. H. – Pte. – 1796065 – S.W.B. – 22

Page 38
Davies, R. D. – Gdsm. – 2734997 – W.G. – R.O. No. 15
Davison, W. M. – Dvr. – T/198931 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Davison, G. N. – Gnr. – 1433486 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Dawson, A. V. – Pte. – 2938088 – Cam. H. – R.O. No. 16

Page 39
Deakin, A. G. – Drv. – T/191370 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Dean, R. – Spr. – 2019698 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Dean, C. W. – Rfm. – 6922159 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Dean, B. – Q.M.S. – 7585627 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32
Dearnley, W. – Sgt. – 4275091 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Densley, E. F. G. – Drv. – 189806 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No.29
Devine, A. – Gnr. 953612 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 40
Dickson, R. S. – Gdsm. – 2659701 – C.G. – R.O. No. 12
Dickson, R. J. – Gnr. – 890150 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 41
Doney, M. W. – Bdr. – 929729 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Dorward, G. H. – Sgt. – 3605492 – Bord. – R.O. No. 18
Douglas, A. – L/Cpl. – T/150993 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Douglas, G. – Drv. – T/208262 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Douglas, D. T. A. – Bdr. – 930968 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Downing, W. – Gnr. – 1098836 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Dowson, K. R. – Tpr. – 4537537 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 5
Doyle, R. V. – Fus. – 7047770 – R. Ir. R. – R.O. No. 17
Drabwell, E. C. – Drv. – 165005 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 42
Drew, E. J. P. – Tpr. – 7887281 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Drum, J. – Pte. – 2935633 – Cam. H. – R.O. No. 16
Dryhurst. J. – Drv. – 182844 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Duckworth, J. – Gnr. – 1500051 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Duff, N. K. – Rfn. – 6846122 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Duffy, J. – Pte. – 2937918 – Cam. H. – R.O. No. 16
Duncan, W. D. – Cpl. – 3251703 – Camns. – R.O. No. 16
Dunn, L. – L/Cpl. – 549924 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 5
Dunn, S. T. – Tpr. – 7908395 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Dunton, S. W. – Rfn. – 6916874 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24

Page 43
Dye, F. A. – Spr. – 2116804 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Dyer, H. J. – Dvr. – T/202229 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Eaton, F. E. E. – Sgt. – 70765 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Eddy, M. M. – Gdsm. – 2659621 – C.G. – R.O. No. 12
Edminson, R. W. – Cpl. – 4451805 – D.L.I. – R.O. No. 20

Page 44
Edwards, E. V. – Pte. – 2059647 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Egerton, P. T. – Sgm. – 6397716 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Eglash, I. – Pte. – 1092726 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Eley, W. – C.S.M. – 6281192 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23
Elliott, S. – Pte. – 6014756 – Essex – R.O. No. 23

Page 45
Etherington, J. A. W. – L/Bdr. – 1601652 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Evans, G. E. – Gnr. – 986328 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Evans, R. P. – L/Sgt. – 6284269 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23

Page 46
Farham, W. – Pte. – 5048692 – S. Staff – R.O. No. 19
Farmer, S. A. – Pte. – 3969289 – Welsh – R.O. No. 22
Farmer, T. – Sgt. – 5497403 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Fee, W. J. – Gdsm. – 2611481 – C.G. – R.O. No. 11
Fender, G. K. H. – Pte. – 6016646 – Essex – R.O. No. 21

Page 47
Ferris, H. P. E. – Tpr. – 7886783 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Ferry, T. – Pte. – 59717 – H.L.I – R.O. No. 16
Ferry, H. – Pte. – 2058005 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
File, M. J. – Dvr. – 2329402 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Fisher, W. J. – Cpl. – 5503075 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Fisher, W. C. – L/Cpl. – 7637460 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Fishwick, N. C. – Gnr. – 835324 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 48
Fletcher, J. T. – Pte. – T/172960 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Fletcher, J. E. L. – L/Sgt. – 1893370 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Flutter, T. – Pte. – 7360167 –R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Ford, J. T. – Gnr. – 1669218 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Forster, J. – Pte. – 7360122 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Foster, A. – Pte. – 4915479 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32

Page 49
Fox, J. E. – Sjt. – 7518527 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Freelove, J. – Sgm. – 2328426 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Freeman, F. C. – Pte. – 5503772 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
French, G. T. – Rfn. – 6969194 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24

Page 50
Frost, C. – Dvr. – 2578944 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10

Acronyms and Abbreviations

A. & S.H. – Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
A.A.C. – Army Air Corps
A.A.A.C. – Australian Army Aviation Corps
A.D.C. – This is an acronym for a unit name, possibly the Royal Army Dental Corps (R.A.D.C.)

B. & H. – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
B.S.M. – Battery Sergeant-Major
Bk. Watch – Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)
Bord. – Border Regiment
Brig. – Brigadier
Buffs – Royal East Kent Regiment (“The Buffs”)

C.G. – Coldstream Guards
C.S.M. – Company Sergeant Major
Cam. H.– Cameron Highlanders
Camns. – it seems likely this also refers to the Cameron Highlanders
Capt. – Captain
Cfn./Cfm. – Craftsman
Cpl. – Corporal

D.L.I. – Durham Light Infantry
Drv. – Driver
Dvr/i/c – Driver (meaning of i/c unknown)

E. Surr – East Surrey Regiment
Essex – Essex Brigade

Fus. – Fusilier

Gdsm. – Guardsman
Gn. How. – (unit name, full name unknown)
Gnr. – Gunner

Hamp. – Hampshire Regiment

K.R.R.C. – King’s Royal Rifle Corps

L/Bdr. – Lance Bombardier
L/Cpl. – Lance Corporal

P.S.M. – (rank unknown, may refer to a type of sergeant major)
Pte. – Private

Q.M.S. – Quartermaster Sergeant

R. Bde. – Rifle Brigade
R. Sigs. – Royal Signals
R.A. – Royal Artillery
R.A.C. – Royal Armoured Corps
R.A.M.C. – Royal Army Medical Corps
R.A.O.C. – Royal Army Ordnance Corps
R.A.S.C. – Royal Army Service Corps
R.E. – Royal Engineers
R.E.M.E. – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
R. Ir. R. – this may be the Royal Irish Rifles (although they became the Royal Ulster Rifles in January 1921)
R.O. – Radiotelephone Operator
R.U. Rif. – Royal Ulster Rifles
R.W.F. – Royal Welch Fusiliers

Rfn. – Rifleman

S.W.B.– South Wales Borders
S. Staff – (unit name, full name unknown)
Sgm./Sgmn. – Signalman
Sgt. – Sergeant
Sjt. – Serjeant (a variant of sergeant)
Spr. – Sapper

Tpr. – Trooper

W.G. – Welsh Guards
Welsh – may also refer to the Welsh Guards


A Letter of Tribute to Andrea Scattini

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In a letter written after the death of Andrea Scattini, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello (Bourbon del Monte) pays tribute to his comrade’s heroism and strength of character.

Following a transcript in Italian—immediately below—is the text of the letter translated into English by Luigi Donfrancesco, Andrea’s nephew.

21 marzo 1946. Nel dopoguerra il Tenente Uguccione Ranieri (di Sorbello) Bourbon Del Monte, al quale nel frattempo è stata conferita la Medaglia d’Argento, dal suo domicilio di Roma in Via Due Macelli 31, indirizza alla Commissione per il Riconoscimento della Qualifica di Partigiano di Ancona una relazione nella quale descrive l’opera del suo collaboratore Andrea Scattini durante la guerra di liberazione:

“E’ mio dovere segnalare a codesta Commissione l’opera di un mio collaboratore, Andrea SCATTINI, morto l’8 marzo 1944 nella guerra di liberazione.

L’8 settembre 1943, fuggito dai Tedeschi a Cento (Ferrara) dove prestavo servizio, riuscii a raggiungere Termoli, allora appena liberata, dove – previo assenso del nostro Comando di Stato Maggiore – presi servizio in un Comando inglese i cui compiti, di natura riservata, si svolgevano dietro le linee in territorio nemico.

Mi si chiese di arruolare a mia discrezione un gruppo di Italiani da condurre con me in una di queste missioni. Scelsi così, tra i giovani più adatti e meglio disposti che in quei giorni giungevano attraverso le linee: Andrea Scattini, Ermanno Finocchi, Fausto Simonetti, Augusto Ruffo ed altri, tutti oggi periti per azioni di guerra. Fui assai fortunato per la scelta, per lo Scattini non meno che per gli altri.

Prima di partire per la missione principale allo Scattini fu affidata una missione breve che egli portò a termine brillantemente dietro le linee in tre giorni e tre notti di marce senza sonno con l’aiuto di una forte dose di benzedrina.

Ripartii per mare con lo Scattini ed altri in una notte di novembre e sbarcai nelle vicinanze di Cupra Marittima. Là giunto inviai in varie direzioni gli uomini ai miei ordini. Lo Scattini assolse con la dovuta meticolosità e prontezza i suoi compiti. Avendo io dovuto nel frattempo ritornare a Termoli, lo trovai sempre fedele al suo posto al mio ritorno nelle Marche il mese seguente. Gli affidai immediatamente altri e più gravi compiti che egli assolse puntualmente.

Essendosi ormai reso quasi impossibile per il sopravvenuto inverno il viaggio a Termoli per mare, mi trovai nella necessità di dovervi inviare qualcuno a piedi attraverso le linee per portare delle carte e piani che non potevano essere inviati per radio. Scelsi lo Scattini.

Anche questa volta la fortuna e il suo inesauribile spirito d’iniziativa lo assistettero ed egli giunse felicemente.

In febbraio (1944) il mio Comando di Termoli mi rimandò di nuovo lo Scattini – questa era la sesta volta che egli attraversava le linee – con importanti comunicazioni. Purtroppo, quasi subito dopo il suo arrivo egli rimase vittima in una notte buia di un tragico equivoco quando lo raggiunse la fucilata di un partigiano locale che lo aveva scambiato per un nemico. (Nota. Quindi neanche Uguccione si è reso conto di come siano andate realmente le cose).
Devo precisare che allo Scattini ho sempre affidato non solo i compiti più rischiosi, ma anche – sebbene all’8 settembre egli fosse solo un soldato di Sanità – compiti che per decisione e prestigio non si potevano dare che a un Ufficiale. Egli infatti ebbe in vari periodi il comando di interi settori della nostra organizzazione con piena autorità su altri elementi minori.

Per ardimento, per fedeltà al compito assunto e all’idea che glielo fece volontariamente assumere, per sereno e ilare sprezzo del pericolo, l’Italia può aver avuto combattenti uguali, non migliori dello Scattini.

Alla sua memoria è dovuto ogni riconoscimento dalla Patria finalmente libera da un terribile male e – speriamo – non immemore”.

Firmato:
Uguccione Ranieri Bourbon del Monte
Tenente di Complemento, Medaglia d’Argento

Apprendiamo dalla relazione di Uguccione che Andrea Scattini aveva attraversato il fronte almeno 6 volte: rischiando ogni volta, in caso di cattura, brutali interrogatori con le più atroci torture e poi fucilazione.

Translated into English:

From: Via Due Macelli 31 – Rome
March 21, 1946
To: Committee for Recognition of Partisan Qualification
ANCONA

It is my duty to report to this Committee the work of my collaborator Andrea SCATTINI, who died on March 8, 1944 in the war of liberation.

On September 8, 1943 I was serving [in the Italian Army] in Cento (Ferrara). I had fled the Germans and was able to reach Termoli [on the Adriatic coast], then just liberated. With assent of our Army Command, I took service in a British Commando, whose functions—of a confidential nature—were taking place behind the lines in enemy territory.

I was asked to enlist, at my discretion, a group of Italians to accompany me on one of these missions. I chose from among the most suitable and willing young men who in those days had come through the lines: Andrea SCATTINI, Ermanno FINOCCHI, Fausto SIMONETTI, Augusto RUFFO, and others—all now dead by acts of war. I was very lucky in the choice of SCATTINI, no less than for the others.

Before leaving for the main mission, SCATTINI was entrusted with a brief mission, which he carried out brilliantly behind the lines in 3 days and 3 nights in the Marche without sleep, due to the help of a strong dose of Benzedrine.

I started by sea with SCATTINI and others on a November [1943] night and landed near Cupra Marittima (Ascoli Piceno, Marche). Having arrived there, I sent in various directions the men under my command.

SCATTINI performed his tasks with necessary thoroughness and promptness. Meantime I had to go back to Termoli, and when I returned to the Marche the following month, I found him ever faithful in his place. I immediately entrusted to him other and more serious tasks, which he carried out exactly.

As winter made it almost impossible to reach Termoli by sea, I found it would be necessary to send someone on foot through the lines to bring maps and plans that could not be sent by radio. I chose SCATTINI. This time too, good fortune and his inexhaustible spirit of initiative helped him, and he arrived safely.

In February (1944), my Command in Termoli sent SCATTINI back to me—this was the sixth time he had crossed the lines—with important communications. Unfortunately, almost immediately after his arrival, he was the victim in a dark night of a tragic error, when he was reached by the shot of a local partisan who had mistaken him for an enemy.

I must point out that I always entrusted to SCATTINI not only the riskiest tasks, but also—even though on September 8 he was just a soldier in the Medical Corps—tasks that for decisiveness and prestige would only be entrusted to an Officer. In fact, he held at various times the command of whole sectors of our organization with full authority over other subordinate members.

For daring, for faithfulness to the charge taken and to the ideal that made him voluntarily take it, for calm and cheerful disregard of danger, Italy may have had combatants equal to, but not better than, SCATTINI.

To his memory is due recognition by his Country, which is finally free from a terrible evil and—we hope—not unmindful [of his sacrifice].

In faith,
Uguccione RANIERI Bourbon del Monte
Adjunct Lieutenant, Silver Medal

scattini-medicina_r72

This memorial card for Andrea Scattini reads, “Scattini Andrea di Vincenzo / Studente in Medicina / nato a San Vito Chietino il 17-5-1917 / morto a Force l’8-3-1944” [Student of Medicine / born in San Vito Chietino on May 17, 1917 / died in Force on March 8, 1944].

For more on Andrea Scattini, see “Andrea Scattini—Youthful I.S.9 Agent.”

For more on Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello, see “I.S.9 Captain Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello.”


Robert Dulac—Rescued by a Child

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This photo was taken in the field of Dux di Pietragalla in 1943, near to the time when Robert Dulac’s plane, known as the Fyrtle Myrtle, was shot down. Vitangelo Di Fino, here 11 years old, is the first child sitting on the ground to the left, wearing a black shirt, a fez on his head, and with his hands crossed. Photos for this post are courtesy of Vitangelo’s daughter, Maddalena Di Fino.

Michele Potenza was 13 years old when he witnessed the downing of an American bomber from the skies over his village of Pietragalla, Italy. It was a memory impressed in his mind for life (see “Lost Airmen Remembered in Pietragalla.”)

Yesterday I learned from Michele of another child who was drawn into this disturbing event.

Vitangelo Di Fino was a boy of 12 when the plane came down, and he was the first on the ground to reach Robert Dulac. He quickly rendered emergency first aid when he saw that Robert was bleeding.

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Detail of Vitangelo from the above photo

I asked Michele if he knew whether Robert had suffered head injuries or even had been blinded. Fellow crew member Edward Dzierzynski later noted in the official Missing Air Crew Report that Robert “was seriously injured around the eyes – head” by the crash.

Michele responded:

No, non era cieco. A causa del bail out, nel cadere a terra, si è fratturato il malleolo.

No, [DULAC] was not blinded, [but] due to the bail out, in the fall to the ground he broke his ankle.

Il teste DE FINO Vitangelo, in un’intervista che io ho registrato e che vedro’ anche di mandarti, racconta di aver trovato DULAC a terra, con il malleolo rotto da cui sgorgava molto sangue. DE FINO non dice niente sulle ferite alla testa ed agli occhi: come ripeto egli si preoccupo’ solo di evitare che DULAC potesse morire per emorragia e per questo,non avendo niente di specifico appresso (garze, fasce, disinfettante, cerotti, ecc.), con la sua maglietta fasciò la rottura e consegno’ DULAC ad altri che lo accompagnarono all’Ospedale di POTENZA.

The witness, Vitangelo DE FINO, in an interview that I recorded and I will see that send to you, said he found DULAC on the ground with a broken ankle from which flowed much blood. DE FINO said nothing of wounds to the head and eyes. I repeat, he worried only about preventing DULAC from bleeding to death and for that, not having relevant supplies (gauzes, strips, disinfectant, bandages, etc.), he bandaged the wound with his shirt and delivered DULAC and his companions to Potenza Hospital.

Vitangelo racconta: ‘mi sono avvicinato a DULAC ed ho visto subito che perdeva sangue dal malleolo di una gamba. Non avevo niente per fasciargli la ferita. Allora mi sono tolto la maglietta bianca che avevo addosso (che portava incisa la lettera M, iniziale di Mussolini!!!) e ho fasciato ben bene la ferita, sino ad arrestare la fuoriuscita del sangue. Mentre compivo l’intervento, DULAC mi ha messo una mano sulla mia testa e mi ha detto in inglese: HELP, HELP!!’

Vitangelo explained: ‘I approached DULAC and saw right away that he was bleeding from the ankle of one leg. I had nothing to bandage the injury. Then I took off the white T-shirt I was wearing—on which was printed the letter M, the initial of Mussolini!!!—and I bandaged the wound well, until the flow of blood ceased. While I performed this intervention, DULAC put a hand on my head and said in English, HELP, HELP!!’

Vitangelo è ancora in vita,pur avendo raggiunto la veneranda eta’ di 84 anni e per il suo gesto eroico, quando ritorno’ al campo senza la maglietta, il comandante lo aggredi’ con schiaffi e calci,rimproverandolo di aver, con il suo atto,aiutato un nemico. Il comandante era difatti un fanatico fascista, di cui Vitangelo ricorda ancora, molto lucidamente, il suo carattere arrogante, borioso e prepotente!

Vitangelo is still living, having reached the ripe old age of 84 years, and for his heroic deed, when he returned to the camp without his shirt, the commander attacked him with slaps and kicks, reproaching him for having, through his actions, helped an enemy. The commander was in fact a fanatical fascist, whom Vitangelo still remembers very clearly—his character was arrogant, conceited, and domineering!

Michele directed me to an online article about Vitangelo Di Fino’s childhood experience of war (Giornale Lucano, November–December 2011). Michele explains:

Troverai riportata la storia di Vitangelo DI FINO che all’eta’ di 12 anni, orfano di padre e madre, si trovava al campo DUX di Pietragalla ed il 16 luglio 1943 offri’ spontaneamente aiuto a Robert DULAC. Nello stesso articolo troverai anche tre belle fotografie di Vitangelo: la prima su una spiaggia, la seconda su di un albero da frutta e la terza lo ritrae così come è oggi.

You will find in this article the story of Vitangelo DI FINO, who at the age of 12 had lost his father and mother and was attending Campo DUX of Pietragalla [an Italian fascist youth camp] on 16 July 1943 when he spontaneously came to the aid of Robert DULAC. In the same article you’ll find three beautiful photographs of Vitangelo: the first on the beach, the second in a fruit tree and the third showing him as he is today.

Here is a link to the Giornale Lucano article:

Vitangelo, il bimbo che sopravvisse alla guerra” (in English, “Vitangelo, the child who survived the war”).

See also yesterday’s post, “Robert E. Dulac—Fyrtle Myrtle Crash Survivor.”

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Vitangelo at 17 years of age on the beach in Santa Maria di Castellabate, 1948

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Left: 18-year-old Vitangelo in 1949; right: Vitangelo Di Fino today

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Vitangelo, 27 years old, on the bridge of Montereale a Potenza, 1958


“Don Carlo”—The Unknown Hero

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I.S.9 agent, partisan leader, and Catholic priest Don Domenico Orlandini “Don Carlo” in the uniform of a military chaplain of the Italian Army, 1945

Several posts on this site concern Italians who, during the war, served as agents for I.S.9 (Intelligence School 9)—also known as “A” Force.

I.S.9′s chief mission was support and rescue of escaped POWs and evaders (E&Es) stranded behind enemy lines. I.S.9 was a division of M.I.9 (British Directorate of Military Intelligence, Section 9), a department of the War Office during WW II.

Last year researcher Brian Sims sent me a series of I.S.9 agent files from the British National Archives. Among the files, Don Domenico Orlandini’s lacks details contained in many of the others—parents, birthplace and residence, educational background, and so on. It does identify him as a priest, and offers this colorful description: “Fair. Medium build. Eyes deep-set. Very active & alert. High-pitched voice. (Smokes, drinks, gambles).”

See “I.S.9 Italian Agents, Part 4.”

Until recently, that was all I knew of Don Domenico. But recently two Italian authors wrote to me with further details.

The first writer, Giuseppe Giovanelli, knew Don Domenico Orlandini personally and lived with him for many years. Giuseppe said the two of them agreed to record Don Domenico’s memoirs of the war. Then, unexpectedly, Don Domenico died in 1977.

After that, Giuseppe wrote a full biography, which was published in 1983.

According to Giuseppe, after the war ended the British decorated Don Domenico with the Victoria Cross. In September 1945, Don Domenico was hired as a military chaplain, a post he held for one year. Then he worked as a journalist and from 1947 until the end of his life he was a parish priest.

giovanelli-don-carl_r72

The cover of Giuseppe Giovanelli’s Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: prete e comandante partigiano [Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: Priest and Partisan Commander]
Ed. Alpi-APC (Associazione Liberi Partigiani Italiani)
Reggio Emilia, 2013

doncarlo-gianotti_r72

The second contact, Italian journalist Giancarlo Giannotti, has published a biography of Don Domenico, entitled Il Memoriale di “Don Carlo” L’eroe Sconosciuto [The Memoire of “Don Carlo” The Unknown Hero].

Sections of it can be read on Giancarlo’s website: www.giancarlogiannotti.it, and you can find more information about Don Domenico on Facebook: “Il Memoriale Di Don Carlo, L’eroe Sconosciuto.”

Below is a chapter from Giuseppe Giovanelli’s Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: prete e com andante partigiano.

This chapter describes Don Domenico’s duo roles as I.S.9 agent and partisan leader.

According to this account, Don Domenico’s I.S.9 nom de guerre was “Carlo Coletta,” hence he is referred to frequently in the narrative as Don Carlo.

The original Italian text alternates with translation into English. I am grateful to Maurizio Bianchi for his kind offer to correct my rough translation.

«L’8 settembre iniziai la vita del fuorilegge…»

“On September 8 the life of outlaws began…”

Il 25 luglio 1943, caduta di Mussolini, apre la speranza a una nuova stagione di libertà. Si smobilita l’apparato fascista, si costituiscono nuovi partiti (Democrazia Cristiana, socialisti, liberali, comunisti) che, riuniti in un “Comitato del Fronte nazionale”, il 3 settembre 1943 vengono ufficialmente ricevuti dal prefetto Renato Vittadini. Dell’evento dà notizia anche il quotidiano locale Il Tricolore (ex Il solco fascista) il 3 settembre {1}.

On July 25, 1943 the fall of Mussolini opened the hope for a new era of freedom. It demobilized the fascist apparatus, and new parties (Christian Democrats, socialists, liberals, and communists) gathered in a “Committee of the National Front.” On September 3, 1943 they were officially received by the prefect Renato Vittadini. The event also provided news for the local newspaper The Tricolore (The former “Fascist furrow”) on September 3. {1}

La speranza di don Carlo e dei suoi amici è quella di una rivolta politica che, cacciati i tedeschi dall’Italia con l’indispensabile aiuto dell’Esercito, restituisca la pace all’Italia. Il «che cosa fare» dopo la guerra diventa un tema dominante nelle discussioni degli antifascisti e del mondo cattolico in particolare. Proprio su quel tema il 30 maggio si era tenuto a Felina un convegno (clandestino nella sua parte politica), organizzato dal tenente cappellano don Sergio Pignedoli (il futuro cardinale), con la partecipazione del vescovo Brettoni, di numerosi parroci del Castelnovese, dei principali responsabili della nascente Democrazia Cristiana.

The hope of Don Carlo and his friends was for a political revolt that would chase the Germans from Italy, with the indispensable help of the Army, and for return of peace to Italy. “What to do” after the war became a dominant theme in discussions between anti-fascists and the Catholic world in particular. That was precisely the topic of a conference held in Felina on May 30 (illegal in his political part), organized by lieutenant chaplain (later cardinal) don Sergio Pignedoli, with the participation of Bishop Brettoni [the bishop of Reggio Emilia], many parish priests of Castelnovo ne’ Monti area, and major leaders of the emerging Christian Democrats.

Ma ancora una volta la speranza deve fare i conti con gli imprevisti della realtà. Le trattative del generale Castellano, rese note l’8 settembre, infatti, anziché portare l’Esercito ad affiancare gli angloamericani, portano alla sua totale improvvisa dissoluzione.

But, once again, hope was forced to terms with unexpected reality. The negotiations of General Castellano, announced on September 8th, rather than bringing the Army to support the Anglo-Americans, in fact lead to its total sudden dissolution.

La “via delle canoniche”

The “way of the rectories”

Don Carlo si trovava quella sera a Montecchio, in uno dei suoi periodici contatti con gli amici antifascisti. Ecco che cosa vede:

On that evening Don Carlo was in Montecchio at one of his routine contacts with antifascist friends. Here is what he saw:

«Quella sera a Montecchio dormii in casa di certi Golinelli che abitavano sulla piazza. Ma non dormimmo. In paese si trovava accantonato un battaglione di tedeschi {2} i quali, dopo un primo sbigottimento, presero a scorrazzare da padroni. Dalla finestra assistemmo al disarmo dei carabinieri, mentre un’autocolonna si dirigeva verso Montechiarugolo per prendere possesso di un campo di internati civili alleati che si trovava in quel castello. Ma il direttore del campo poté farne fuggire una buona parte e mettersi in salvo anche lui.

“That night I slept in Montecchio in the house of a certain Golinelli who lived on the square. But I had not slept. In the next village a battalion of Germans {2} who, after an initial astonishment, began to patrol around the land as masters. From the window we watched the disarming of the police, while a convoy headed for Montechiarugolo to take control of a camp of interned Allied civilians who happened to be in that castle. However, the director of the camp was able to make a good deal and they fled to safety with him.

Appena giorno, in bicicletta e per vie traverse, mi diressi verso San Polo e da lì, per Rossena-Casina, potei tornarmene indisturbato a casa. Si aprì quel giorno un nuovo capitolo nella mia vita. Iniziai la vita del fuorilegge»

As soon as it was day, I biked in a roundabout way toward San Polo, and from there to Rossena-Casina, and I was able to reach home unharmed. That day a new chapter in my life opened. I began the life of an outlaw.”

Uscendo da Montecchio, fa in tempo a vedere un manifesto con il quale il pro-prefetto Guerriero, avverte che l’esercito tedesco ha preso il controllo della provincia e minaccia la pena di morte a chi oserà turbare l’ordine pubblico o compiere atti di sabotaggio.

Leaving Montecchio, [Don Carlo] had time to see a poster in which the pro-prefect Guerriero warns that the German army has taken control of the province, and he threatens death to those who dare to disturb public order or carry out acts of sabotage.

E sul comportamento dei Tedeschi c’è un episodio, riferibile a quei mesi, che lo stesso vescovo Brettoni narra a un esponente locale del governo fascista e che, per il contesto in cui viene riportato, dice una aperta amabilità del vescovo verso don Carlo:

And regarding the conduct of the Germans, there was an episode during those months when the same Bishop Brettoni talked to a local member of the fascist government and that, due to the way in which it was conveyed, shows the Bishop to regard Don Carlos with great affection:

«Gli ho accennato che uno dei capi [partigiani], Carlo, è un nostro sacerdote. Gli ho narrato l’occasione che lo rese avverso ai tedeschi, quando cioè esso veniva in bicicletta da Castelnovo Sotto a Reggio e s’incrociò con un camion tedesco con soldati SS; uno dei quali con un grosso bastone volle colpirlo mentre passava, ma non riuscì perché don Orlandini (Carlo) accortosi della mossa virò rapidamente e fu fuori di tiro. Mi raccontava egli stesso che il colpo era dato con tanta virulenza che se lo raggiungeva l’avrebbe ucciso. Il camion seguitò la sua corsa come se nulla fosse; qualora fosse accaduta la morte del povero prete l’avrebbero trovato giacente e nessuno avrebbe saputo nulla» {3}.

“I mentioned that one of the [partisan] leaders, Carlo, is a priest of ours. I recounted the occasion when he was challenged by the Germans, which was when he was cycling from Castelnovo Sotto to Reggio and he met a German truck carrying SS soldiers; one of them attempted to hit him with a big stick while he passed, but he could not succeed because Don Orlandini (Carlo), realizing the swipe was coming, quickly swerved clear of it. He told me that thestroke was sent with such virulence that if it had reached him it would have killed him. The truck continued on its trip as if nothing had happened; if the poor priest had been killed, people would have found him lying there and no one would have known what had happened.” {3}

Le strade della montagna reggiana si riempiono di gente stracciata, scalza, affamata. Sono i soldati di quell’Esercito che doveva cacciare i Tedeschi e che, gettate armi e divise, cercano di ritornare alle proprie famiglie. In mezzo a loro anche numerosi prigionieri di guerra alleati i quali, fuggiti dai campi di concentramento abbandonati dalle guardie italiane, cercano di raggiungere il Sud, incontro alle armate britanniche e americane che, conquistata la Sicilia, di apprestano a risalire la Penisola.

The reggiana mountain roads were full of people who were ragged, barefoot, and hungry. They were the soldiers of the army that had to drive out the Germans and who, shed of weapons and uniforms, were then trying to return to their families. Among them were many Allied prisoners of war who had fled from concentration camps abandoned by the Italian guards, and were trying to reach the South to meet the British and American armies that had conquered Sicily and were preparing to move up the peninsula.

Camminano di notte, attraverso campi e boschi per sfuggire alla caccia dei Tedeschi, trasformatisi immediatamente da alleati in padroni. Uno spettacolo umiliante per come sono ridotti i soldati italiani; pietoso per gli ex prigionieri, ignari della lingua e del territorio italiano che tendono inizialmente a nascondersi in attesa di trovare una via di salvezza.

They walked at night, through fields and woods, to escape the hunting Germans, who had instantly turned from allies into masters. [It was] a humiliating spectacle for those who had become Italian soldiers; pitiful for former prisoners [who were] ignorant of the language and of the Italian territory where they initially had sought to hide in order to await salvation.

È allora che sulla montagna reggiana si apre quella che, anni dopo, gli storici della Resistenza chiameranno la “via delle canoniche”, cioè delle case dei parroci, dove i fuggiaschi sanno che, sotto il campanile, possono trovare un aiuto sicuro: ristoro, rifugio, indicazioni per proseguire il viaggio.

It is then that the reggiana mountain opened what, years later, historians of the Resistance would call the “way of the rectories,” that are, the priests’ houses, where the fugitives are aware that, under the bell tower, they could find a safe help: refreshments, shelter, directions for onward travel.

Aiutarli è pericolosissimo. Ciò nonostante, la casa di don Carlo, a Poiano, appare subito una delle più frequentate. A volte vi ci si ritrovano diciassette o diciotto uomini per volta. A tutti don Carlo procura ristoro, alloggio notturno. Lo aiutano la posizione defilata della sua canonica e la piena collaborazione dei famigliari tutti, dagli ormai anziani genitori Saturno e Desolina alle sorelle Annita e Giulia, impegnate a riattare abiti e preparare cibo, ai giovani di Poiano e dintorni che hanno già in lui un capo autorevole per saggezza e capacità operativa.

Helping them was very dangerous. Nevertheless, the house of Don Carlo, in Poiano, soon became one of the busiest. Sometimes one could find 17 or 18 men at a time there. For all Don Carlo procured refreshment and night accommodation. It helped that the rectory was secluded and that he had cooperation of all his family—his by now elderly parents Saturno and Desolina, and his sisters Annita and Giulia, who were committed to repair clothes and prepare food for the young people in and around Poiano who already had in [Don Carlo] a strong, wise leader.

Un aiuto particolare gli fornisce il fratello Giulio che, espletando il servizio militare come guardia nel campo di concentramento di Fossetta e familiarizzando con prigionieri inglesi, aveva imparato un po’ della loro lingua. Nei dintorni conoscono la sicurezza della canonica di don Carlo e gli inviano gli ex prigionieri in fuga che lui e Giulio accolgono, ristorano e aiutano ad avvicinarsi al Sud fornendo l’indirizzo delle altre canoniche, particolarmente quelle più isolate e perciò meno soggette a sguardi indiscreti: Minozzo, Febbio, Cervarolo e Gazzano (dove don Pigozzi e don Canovi nascondono i fuggitivi in fienili lontani dall’abitato), Tapignola, Fontanaluccia. Si tratta in gran parte di ufficiali fuggiti dai campi di concentramento di Milano, Fontanellato e Modena.

A particular help came from [Don Carlo’s] brother Giulio who, after completing his military service as a guard in the concentration camp of Fossetta, was familiar with English prisoners and had learned a bit of their language. Those nearby knew that the rectory of Don Carlo was a safe place and sent escaping former prisoners to him. He and Giulio welcomed them, helped them to rest, and helped them to move southward by providing the address of the other rectories, particularly those in the most remote areas that were less subject to prying eyes: Minozzo, Febbio, Cervarolo and Gazzano (where Don Pigozzi and Don Canovi hid fugitives in barns away from the town), Tapignola, Fontanaluccia. In large part these were officers who fled from the concentration camps in Milan, Modena, and Fontanellato.

In tutte le canoniche della diocesi, anche in quelle di pianura, il suo nome è un riferimento discreto. A Cànolo ha un collaboratore particolare in don Pasquino Borghi, già missionario nel Sudan Anglo-egiziano, nominato il 30 agosto parroco di Tapignola, dove salirà il 17 ottobre.

In all rectories of the diocese, even in those of the plains, [Don Carlo’s] name was a discreet reference. A Cànolo had a collaborator in particular in Don Pasquino Borghi, a former missionary in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, appointed on August 30 to parish priest of Tapignola, which he was to assume on October 17.

L’assistenza ai fuggiaschi e agli ex prigionieri alleati non lo distoglie dai contatti con la Resistenza che si sta organizzando in quel di Reggio e che, in montagna ha il suo riferimento principale nel professor Pasquale Marconi e nel suo ospedale dove il medico nasconde e cura sbandati e ricercati, fornisce loro false carte d’identità, li indirizza presso luoghi o persone che possano fornire ulteriore assistenza.

Assistance to refugees and former allied prisoners did not distract them from contacts with the resistance being organized in Reggio, and that in the mountains had, as its main resource, Professor Pasquale Marconi and his hospital, where the doctor hid and cared for fugitives, sought to provide them with counterfeit identity cards, and directed them to places or people where they could get further assistance.

Tutto questo impegno umanitario dei preti non sfugge all’opinione pubblica e, ancor meno al rinascente apparato fascista che lo bolla come ingerenza politica dei sacerdoti perché.

All this humanitarian work of the priests did not escape public notice, let alone the resurgent fascist system, which seethed as priests engaged in political interference.

«nei loro sermoni domenicali non si esimono di formulare espressioni prettamente politiche con chiare allusioni a persone, fatti e cose, dalle quali emana tutto il vigore antifascista di cui sono animati e l’odio per il Duce» {4}.

“Their Sunday sermons were not devoid of purely political expressions with clear allusions to people, events, and things from which grew an the anti-fascist drive and hatred for il Duce.” {4}

Coinvolto nella fondazione del CLN [Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]

Involvement in the foundation of the CLN [National Liberation Committee]

La ricostituzione del partito fascista con sue bande armate rende ormai evidente una triste realtà: non sarà sufficiente un “mutamento” politico. La liberazione non potrà passare altro che attraverso una resistenza armata. In campo cattolico si pensa soprattutto ad opere di sabotaggio contro vie, linee telefoniche, automezzi, fornitura di materiali di sussistenza e simili da effettuarsi con bande partigiane. Ad ogni buon conto, sentendo dagli sbandati che in varie località sono state nascoste armi, don Carlo manda suo fratello e altri giovani a recuperarle e a nasconderle. Un’opera difficile e rischiosa che si svolge dalla provincia di Bologna a quella di Parma. Un prezioso carico di armi e munizioni giunge inatteso da Livorno portato a Poiano da un giovane del luogo, certo Ugo Caselli, in servizio militare di leva nella città portuale toscana. Dopo l’8 settembre, tranquillo tranquillo, carica un mulo di tutte le armi che la bestia può portare e, senza imprevisti – grazie all’oculatezza e all’astuzia di cui i giovani montanari sono capaci – se ne torna a casa.

The re-establishment of the Fascist Party with its armed bands made a sad reality clear: mere political “change” would be insufficient. Liberation could not be achieved except by way of armed resistance. In the Catholic world the main plan was for sabotage of roads, telephone lines, and vehicles; procurement of basic provisions and so on, to be carried out by partisan bands. In any event, feeling the disbanded in various places were hiding weapons, Don Carlo sent his brother and other young people to retrieve and hide them. It was difficult and risky work that took place from Bologna to Parma. A precious shipment of weapons and ammunition from Livorno arrived unexpectedly in Poiano, brought by a young local man, a certain Ugo Caselli, who was in military service in the port city of Tuscany. After September 8th, the weapons were transferred by mule—all that the beast could carry—without incident, thanks to the watchfulness of the shrewd young mountaineers.

Altre armi le raccoglie lui stesso, usando anche le più impensate astuzie, come ricorda don Alberto Camellini:

He collected other weapons himself, using even the most unlikely stratagems, as recalled by Don Alberto Camellini:

«Poco dopo l’8 settembre ho incontrato a Reggio don Carlo, di cui ero molto amico. Mi sono fermato a parlare con lui da Bizzocchi e ci chiedevamo che cosa fosse possibile fare. Don Carlo aveva una valigetta pesante con sé. Poco dopo mi chiede di accompagnarlo alla corriera perché sarebbe ritornato su in montagna. Fu allora che mi offersi io stesso di portargli quella valigetta, con la quale passammo davanti alla mitragliatrice che i tedeschi avevano piazzato sotto il portico delle Notarìe e puntato contro il comune. […]. E solo dopo mi disse che in quella valigetta c’erano delle bombe a mano…» {5}

“Shortly after September 8, I met in Reggio Emilia Don Carlo, who was a good friend of mine. I stopped to talk to him at Bizzocchi and we were wondering what we could possibly do. Don Carlo had a heavy suitcase with him. Shortly afterward he asked me to accompany him to the bus because he was about to return to the mountains. It was then that I offered to bring the case myself, with which we passed the machinegun that the Germans had placed on the portico of Notarìe and pointed at the comune. […]. And only afterward he said that in that in the suitcase there were three hand grenades…” {5}

Con il costituirsi del Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (CLN) di Reggio, la cui prima seduta avviene nella sagrestia di San Francesco il 28 settembre, la lotta armata non è più un’ipotesi, ma un progetto che di ora in ora volge alla realizzazione. Don Carlo ne è ormai convinto. Come lui, lo è il professor Marconi, il quale, però, ha molti dubbi sull’opportunità che un prete diventi responsabile di una formazione militare. In più, come rappresentante di fatto del mondo cattolico, pone in sede di CLN una sola obiezione: che gli scopi della lotta siano raggiunti non «con qualunque mezzo», ma con precise regole per la salvaguardia della vita nel senso più lato, soprattutto di quella innocente e per dare un primo esempio di quella legalità alla quale il movimento patriottico aspira.

With the establishment of the Committee of National Liberation (CLN) of Reggio, its first meeting took place in the sacristy of San Francisco on September 28, the armed struggle was no longer a hypothesis, but a project that by the hour was coming to realization. Don Carlo was now convinced. However, like himself, Professor Marconi raised many doubts about a priest taking on responsibility for military group. In addition, as a representative of the Catholic world, he posed, regarding the CLN, one objection: that the central objectives were not to be met “by whatever means,” but with precise rules for the preservation of life in the broadest sense, especially for the innocent and to give the first example of the law to which the patriot movement aspired.

Non sarà un impegno da poco. Per don Carlo, che queste prime riunioni di settembre seguirà in modo diretto, anche se poche volte sarà presente di persona, e per i cattolici (in particolare per quelli della montagna) diventerà tanto importante che – non rispettato, come avremo modo di vedere – provocherà la costituzione della brigata Fiamme Verdi.

It would not be a light commitment. For the don, these first meetings in September (even though at times he was not personally in attendance), and for Catholics, particularly the mountain Catholics, [the agreed upon objectives] became so important—if not fully complied with, as we shall see—that they would result in the establishment of the Fiamme Verdi brigade.

Alla ricerca di un contatto con i comandi alleati

Looking for contact with the Allied commands

Un’altra convinzione si fa strada in don Carlo, anche grazie ai frequenti colloqui con don Pasquino Borghi: nessuna organizzazione partigiana può pensare di avere risultati militari e politici senza il coordinamento con gli angloamericani e senza il loro aiuto in armi e vettovagliamento. La convinzione, maturata nel contatto con gli ex prigionieri alleati in fuga verso il sud e facilitata – sicuramente – dalla loro sorpresa nel vedersi così ben accolti dalla popolazione, convince don Domenico e don Pasquino a lanciarsi in un progetto audace: attraversare le linee per recuperare i prigionieri alleati e trasferirli al Sud; ma, nello stesso tempo, prendere contatto con i comandi alleati per organizzare la resistenza al Nord.

Another position occurred to Don Carlo as a result of frequent talks with Don Pasquino Borghi: no partisan organization could think of achieving results without military and political coordination with the Allies, and without their aid with weapons and provisions. This conviction—which came about while he was in contact with former Allied prisoners fleeing toward the south and who, to their astonishment, were so well received by the population—inspired Don Domenico and Don Pasquino to embark on a bold project: to go through the lines to retrieve Allied prisoners and guide them to the south but, at the same time, to make contact with the Allies in order to facilitate resistance in the north.

Inizialmente non è chiaro chi dei due possa andare. Il piano piace molto agli “amici di Reggio”, tra i quali l’avvocato Pellizzi e altri del CLN; ma piace anche a due ex prigionieri, ufficiali di stato maggiore dell’Armata sudafricana, che, nel frattempo, don Carlo alloggia in casa sua. Essi gli scrivono una lettera di presentazione per i comandi alleati.

Initially, it is not clear which of them could go. The plan really favored the “Friends of Reggio,” including the lawyer Pellizzi and other CLN members; but it also showed preference for two former prisoners—staff officers of the South African Army—who were staying at the house of Don Carlo. The officers wrote him a letter of introduction to the Allied command.

Così don Carlo decide di partire e don Pasquino di continuare il lavoro organizzativo sul posto. Soltanto da poche settimane è stato nominato parroco a Tapignola. Un eventuale ritardo nel prenderne “possesso” darebbe troppo nell’occhio. Don Domenico, invece, non ha un vero e proprio vincolo parrocchiale a Poiano e, in più, ha fama d’uno che è spesso in giro. Questo gli lascia una più ampia libertà di movimento. Non che trascuri i suoi impegni pastorali; anzi, frequenta al massimo le parrocchie viciniori. Il 14 settembre, ad esempio, è a Gatta ad inaugurare la Scuola “Guido Barbetti” in sostituzione del vescovo.

So Don Carlo decided to leave and Don Pasquino continued organizational work locally. Only a few weeks earlier he had been appointed parish priest in Tapignola. Any delay in taking “possession” of that role would have drawn too much attention. Don Domenico, however, did not have an actual tie to the parish in Poiano and, in addition, had the reputation of one who was often on the road. This allowed him greater freedom of movement. He was not one to neglect his pastoral duties; indeed, he attended most of the neighboring parishes. On September 14, for example, at Gatta he inaugurated the “Guido Barbetti” school in place of the bishop.

Pur sapendo con quanta facilità avrebbe potuto lasciarci la pelle o, nel migliore dei casi, restare bloccato al Sud, decide comunque di tentare l’impresa perché il salvataggio degli ex prigionieri e l’avvio delle prime attività resistenziali restano in buone mani: non solo a don Pasquino, ma anche a don Venerio Fontana arciprete di Minozzo, a don Casotti parroco di Febbio e ai tanti altri preti che lo hanno finora aiutato senza tentennamenti: dal giovanissimo don Giuseppe Iemmi di Felina all’anziano don Pigozzi di Cervarolo.

Even knowing how easily he could die or, at best, remain stuck in the south, he decided to join the company because the rescue of former prisoners and the start of the first efforts for resistance would be in good hands: not only he would be serving with Don Pasquino, but also with Don Venerio Fontana, parish priest of Minozzo; Don Casotti, parish priest of Febbio; and many other priests who had until then helped without hesitation: the young Don Giuseppe Iemmi di Felina [and the] elderly Don Pigozzi di Cervarolo.

Il 4 ottobre, con il breviario sotto il braccio, in abito talare, se ne parte, non prima d’aver detto apertamente a tutti, in modo che se ne sparga la voce, che va in pellegrinaggio ad Assisi e a Loreto e che in parrocchia lo sostituisce il rettore di Gatta. Inizia, invece, nella clandestinità, la sua avventura di combattente; seguire quest’avventura ci è ora indispensabile per capire come egli intende la lotta al fascismo e come e perché, dopo aver collaborato generosamente con tutti i partigiani, riterrà necessario costituire le “Fiamme Verdi”.

On October 4, with his breviary under his arm and in clerical garb, he parted, not before he had said openly to all—so that they would spread the word—that he was going on a pilgrimage to Assisi and Loreto. In the parish he was replaced by the rector of Gatta. Instead, he beginning a clandestine adventure as a fighter. In pursuing this adventure it is now imperative for us to understand how he meant to fight fascism—how and why, after having worked generously with all the partisans, he deemed it necessary to form the “Fiamme Verdi” [the “Green Flame”].

Fra il 4 ottobre 1943 e il 10 aprile1944 il suo impegno è a diretto contatto con gli alleati e con due precisi obiettivi:

  • contribuire al recupero dei prigionieri alleati;
  • convincere gli alleati che c’erano italiani disposti a operare sul serio, al loro fianco, per liberare l’Italia da fascismo e nazismo; e quindi ottenere il loro supporto logistico e strategico a formazioni armate di “patrioti”.
  • Non è un obiettivo dai tempi brevi. Non è facile convincere uomini di comando e di politica, nemici fino al giorno prima, ai quali ogni giorno la radio italiana augurava la «stramaledizione» di Dio.

Between 4th October 1943 and 10th April 1944 [Don Carlo’s] commitment was to work directly with the Allies, and he had two specific objectives:

  • Contribute to the recovery of Allied prisoners;
  • Convince the Allies that there were Italians who were willing to work seriously alongside them to free Italy from fascism and nazism, and then to get their logistical support and strategic training for the armed “patriots.”

They were not easily achievable objectives. It would not be easy to win over those in control, who were political enemies just the day before and upon whom, each day, the Italian radio called for the “stramaledizione” [curse] of God.

A Guglionesi raggiunge gli Alleati

In Guglionesi reaches the Allies

Il viaggio verso il sud si svolge in un seguito di fatti nei quali il pericolo cresce di giorno in giorno con l’avvicinarsi della linea del fronte che, in quel frattempo, sta per giungere a Termoli. Egli deve perciò disporre l’animo a maggior audacia mettendo a frutto quelle doti di intelligenza e autocontrollo che non gli mancano e che, anzi, sono rese più acute dallo spirito di dedizione e di sacrificio a cui è stata improntata la sua formazione di uomo e di sacerdote.

The journey to the south was carried out in a state of danger that was growing daily as the front line advanced toward Termoli. [Don Carlo] must therefore be daring, capitalizing on his abundant gifts of intelligence and self-discipline—which, indeed, were rendered more sharp by the spirit of dedication and sacrifice that had been imprinted upon him through his training as man and priest.

In Montesilvano he encountered a German inspection of the railroad car in which he was fleeing; he felt it would be fine just to pretend to be asleep, but then he had to escape when Allied bombs began falling on the city. In Pescara and Francavilla he had a first encounter with a desolate, duo-destruction: the devastation of Allied aerial bombardment was compounded with that of German mines, which had been used to flatten everything to prevent an eventual Anglo-American landing.

In Montesilvano he encountered a German inspection of the railroad car in which he was fleeing; he felt it would be fine just to pretend to be asleep, but then had to escape when Allied bombs began falling on the enraged city. In Pescara and Francavilla he had a first encounter with a desolate, duo-destruction: the devastation of Allied aerial bombardment was compounded with that of German mines, which had been used to flatten everything so as to prevent an eventual Anglo-American landing.

A Lanciano, dov’è arcivescovo il reggiano monsignor Pietro Tesauri, impareggiabile educatore di giovani all’impegno religioso e civile, povero come un parroco di campagna, trova un primo saggio di quanto feroce sia la rappresaglia tedesca. Ma vede anche quanto monsignor Tesauri sia impegnato con i partigiani della banda locale “Trentino La Barba”, usando le sue stesse mani non per sparare, ma per soccorrere, curare, compiere ogni opera che opponesse l’amore all’odio, la carità alla ferocia, così da essere considerato da tutti “padre e fratello”. L’esempio del vescovo Tesauri, sicuramente, lo aiuta a superare non poche perplessità presenti e future.

At Lanciano, where the archbishop Monsignor Pietro Tesauri of Reggio lives, an unparalleled educator of young people in religious and civil commitment, as poor as a country priest, (don Carlo) faced how savage is German reprisals. But [Don Carlo] also understood that Monsignor Tesauri was committed to the partisans of the local band “Trentino La Barba,” by using his own hands not to shoot, but to rescue and treat, to oppose hate with love, fierce with charity, so as to be considered by all a “father and brother.” The example of Bishop Tesauri surely helped [Don Carlo] to overcome many present and future concerns.

Il 9 ottobre, a piedi, attraverso campi minati, guada il fiume Trigno, inseguito da raffiche di mitraglia. Si illude di trovare a Montenero gli alleati avanzanti. Vi trova invece le SS tedesche che lasciano entrare, ma non uscire, sparando a vista su chiunque lo tenti. Lui lo tenta, ci riesce rischiando la pelle e, a Guglionesi, raggiunge finalmente gli alleati.

On October 9, he travelled on foot through minefields, forded the river Trigno, followed by bursts of machine-gun fire, under the illusion he would meet the allies in Montenero. He encountered, however, the German SS, which was allowing people to pass in but not allowing them to exit [the occupied territory], shooting on sight anyone who tried. He tried, risking his skin, and in Guglionesi finally he reached the Allies.

Condannato all’immediata fucilazione

Sentenced to immediate firing squad

Al comando alleato di Divisione a Termoli, i suoi progetti per il recupero dei prigionieri angloamericani sono accolti con molto interesse. Ma lo gela la freddezza con cui ascoltano le proposte di costituire reparti partigiani. Non hanno alcuna fiducia negli italiani, nemmeno in quelli che, col re, si sono rifugiati a Brindisi. E perciò vanno molto cauti sull’idea di fornire loro delle armi che non sanno dove e contro chi possano sparare.

At the Allied command in Termoli, his plans for recovery of the Anglo-American prisoners were greeted with much interest. But there was a coolness when the Allies heard his proposals to set up partisan units. They had no confidence in Italians, even in those who, with the king, took refuge in Brindisi. And therefore they were very cautious in considering the idea of providing [Italians] with weapons, not knowing where and against whom they might use them.

Eppure deve convincerli. Ne va, prima che della sua missione, dell’Italia, che non può uscire dalla guerra senza aver dimostrato che ci sono ancora, soprattutto tra la gente comune, italiani capaci di costruirsi un futuro di libertà e di pace autentica. Solo così le armate alleate possono svolgere un ruolo effettivo di liberazione anziché di nuova occupazione, come teme la gente e come vuol far credere la propaganda fascista.

Yet he had to convince them. He went forward with his mission to ensure that Italy would not get out of the war without having established that there were still, especially among the common people, Italians who were capable of building a future of freedom and genuine peace. Only then could the Allied armies play an effective role of liberation instead of a new occupation, as fearful people and the fascist propaganda would have everyone believe.

Le avventure del viaggio potrebbero costituire una buona testimonianza. Ma il comando alleato vuol metterlo alla prova. Condotto a Termoli e assunto in forza dalla 14a Sezione della A’Force (reparto specializzato nel recupero dei prigionieri), viene condotto nella terra di nessuno, quella striscia lunga, larga, indefinita che costituisce il fronte.

The adventurous trip might have seemed a good assurance. But the Allied command wanted to test him. Conducted out of Termoli and engaged by A Force, Section 14 (the unit specialized in prisoner recovery), [Don Carlo] was led into no man’s land—the long, wide, ill-defined area that constituted the front.

Il suo compito, conosciuto solo all’ultimo minuto, è di scoprire e rilevare gli appostamenti tedeschi disegnandone, su un’apposita mappa, la dislocazione e la consistenza: carri armati, artiglierie, truppe. La linea da esplorare si estende per una decina di chilometri. Accetta la sfida: «Si trattava – scrive – di dimostrare qualcosa, non solo per me, ma anche per tutti coloro che, lassù al nord, erano decisi a muoversi sulla sola promessa che qualche aiuto non sarebbe mancato; ero sicuro che quei ragazzi avrebbero saputo riabilitare il buon nome degli Italiani».

His duty, explained only at the last minute, was to find and record German positions by tracing them on a special map, the location and makeup: tanks, artillery, and troops. The line to be explored extended for about ten kilometres. Accepting the challenge, he wrote, “It was to prove something, not only for myself but also for all those who, up north, were determined to move ahead knowing that some promise of assistance would not fail; I was sure those boys would be able to rehabilitate the reputation of the Italians.”

In tre giorni, dal 16 al 19 ottobre, porta a compimento il lavoro. Nel pomeriggio del 19 si accinge a ritornare quando scopre un gruppo di prigionieri alleati fuggiti che se ne stanno nascosti in un bosco, incerti e inesperti sul da farsi. Li convince a seguirli per rientrare nelle linee alleate, non appena calata la notte.

In three days, October 16–19, he completed the duty. On the afternoon of the 19th, as he was about to return, he discovered a group of escaped Allied prisoners who were hiding in the woods, inexperienced and unsure of what to do. He convinced them to follow him across the Allied line as soon as night fell.

Non è un ritorno semplice. Dapprima si trovano al centro di un intenso fuoco d’artiglieria che uccide uno di loro. Poi, arrivati fortunosamente in prossimità di una postazione alleata, proprio quando stanno per tirare il sospiro di sollievo, vengono sorpresi da un pattuglione tedesco. Don Domenico si lancia coraggiosamente contro i nemici urlando la loro parola d’ordine.

It was not a simple return. They first stumbled into the center of intense artillery fire, which killed one of them. Then, luckily, they arrived near an Allied position, but just as they were about to sigh with relief, they were surprised by a German patrol. Don Domenico rushed courageously against the enemies, shouting their password.

Il gesto consente ai prigionieri di fuggire e mettersi in salvo, ma lui viene catturato, caricato su di una motocarrozzetta, processato sommariamente e condannato a morte immediata. Fatti che appaiono come un semplice diversivo burocratico per gli ufficiali che la firmano; una scocciatura per l’ufficiale che la deve eseguire e che, fatto accomodare don Domenico sul sidecar con autista, gli si pone al fianco, sul sedile posteriore della motocicletta, con la pistola puntata. C’è altro da fare che accettare passivamente la morte?

This gesture allowed the prisoners to escape and reach safety, but he was captured, loaded on a motorcycle sidecar, and summarily tried and sentenced to immediate death. The facts seemed like a simple distraction, a bureaucratic course of action, for the officers that signed them; a nuisance to the officer that had to do it and yet for Don Domenico, made to sit in the sidecar while the driver stood behind his seat in the motorcycle, with the gun, was there nothing to do but passively accept death?

Don Domenico prega la Madonna di Bismantova (un famoso santuario della montagna reggiana). E, intanto, osserva con ostentata indifferenza. Nell’attimo in cui l’ufficiale depone la pistola fra le gambe per accendersi una sigaretta, giusto in corrispondenza di una curva che costeggia una ripida scarpata, si alza di scatto e, dopo aver scagliato un pugno nello stomaco dell’ufficiale, si lancia dal mezzo in corsa, rotola nella scarpata, corre, fugge con ogni forza.

Don Domenico prayed to the Madonna di Bismantova (whose famous shrine is in the Reggio Emilia mountains). Meanwhile, [the officer] looked on with ostentatious disregard. At the moment the officer placed the gun between his legs to light a cigarette, right at a bend that ran along a steep slope, [Don Domenico] leapt up and, throwing a punch to the officer’s gut, he sprang as if in a race, rolled down the slope, and escaped by all strength.

Prima che l’autista abbia fermato il sidecar e si sia tolto il mitra dalla posizione di armacollo, prima che Her Hauptman si sia ripreso dal dolore lancinante allo stomaco e insieme abbiano aperto il fuoco verso la scarpata, don Domenico è già fuori tiro. Grazie, Madonna di Bismantova!

By the time the driver had stopped the sidecar and was able to retreive his gun from where it was slung over his shoulder, [and] after Herr Hauptman had recovered from the stabbing pain to the stomach, together they opened fire towards the escarpment, [but] Don Domenico was already out of reach. Thanks to Madonna di Bismantova!

La notte lo aiuta. Alcune ore dopo, verso le nove del 19 ottobre, entra raggiante tra le fortificazioni del Comando alleato che, in quei tre giorni, si era trasferito una ventina di chilometri più all’interno, a Guglionesi. Lo guardano increduli. I prigionieri da lui salvati lo avevano già dato per morto. Ormai la sfida è vinta. Ha dimostrato che gli alleati possono avere fiducia in lui. Può sperare che discutano la proposta di aiuti per la costituzione di formazioni partigiane al Nord.

The night helped him. Hours later, at about nine o’clock on 19 October, beaming, he entered the fortifications of the Allied Command that, in those three days, had moved some twenty kilometres further inland, to Guglionesi. They looked at him in disbelief. The prisoners he saved had already given him up for dead. Now the challenge was won. He had shown the Allies that they could trust him and [he now] could hope to discuss the proposal for aid in the creation of partisan groups in the north.

Riparte, con la benedizione del vescovo

Again, with the bishop’s blessing

A Bari, presso il comando dell’VIII Armata Britannica, elabora un piano per il recupero a grande raggio dei prigionieri alleati, garantito dall’appoggio di mezzi aerei e navali. Per essere pronto ad attuarlo si sottopone a corsi accelerati (dieci giorni in tutto) di lancio col paracadute e di sbarco da mezzi navali; un addestramento militare che gli tornerà quanto mai utile nei due anni seguenti.

At the British Eighth Army command in Bari, a plan for recovering Allied prisoners from a larger area was prepared—a mission to be backed up by aircraft and naval support. In preparation, they carried out a 10-day accelerated course of parachuting and naval landings; it was a military training that would prove very useful over the next two years.

Approfitta delle poche ore di sosta per allacciare contatti: col maggiore Robertson di Radio Bari; con “Ercole Ercoli” che, ritenendolo comunista, gli fa numerose confidenze dalle quali apprende le reali finalità che il capo del comunismo vuole affidare alla lotta partigiana.

[Don Carlo] took advantage of the few hours of rest to make contacts with Major Robertson of Radio Bari, and with “Ercole Ercoli” [Palmiro Togliatti, one of the principal founders of the Italian Communist Party] who, as a communist, made numerous confidences from which [Don Carlo] learned the real aims the communist boss wanted to entrust to the partisan struggle.

Il primo novembre, assunto il nome di copertura di “Carlo Coletta”, col quale già lo abbiamo chiamato aggiungendo, per consuetudine successiva, il “don”, parte per la missione al Nord. Compito: risalire dalla costa abruzzese fino alla montagna piacentina individuando i gruppi di ex prigionieri alleati in attesa di recupero; prendere contatto con le formazioni partigiane che stanno creandosi qui e là e impartire loro particolari direttive per una futura collaborazione con gli Alleati.

On November 1st, taking the undercover name of “Carlo Coletta,”—a name we have already been calling him, and to which we have added the customary “don”—he left for his mission in the north. His task was to travel from the coast of Abruzzo to the mountains of Piacenza and find groups of former Allied prisoners who were awaiting recovery, and then to make contact with the partisan groups who are being formed here and there and to give them specific guidelines for future cooperation with the Allies.

Vengono sbarcati in sette. Alla fine della missione sopravviveranno soltanto in due: lui e certo conte Ranieri di Sorbello. Lo sbarco fra Grottammare e Cupra Marittima fa credere ai Tedeschi di essere dinnanzi a un attacco in forze e Radio Roma ne dà notizia proprio come se fosse stato tale. Così quel prete, di cui il comunicato dà notizia, viene individuato a Reggio – ed era proprio lui – per don Domenico Orlandini, “traditore” al soldo degli alleati e “agente provocatore comunista”. Del fatto si ha notizia anche da una cronaca dell’Avvenire d’Italia del 3 novembre.

Seven were landed. At the end of the mission only two survived: [Don Carlo] and one Count Ranieri di Sorbello. [See “I.S.9 Captain Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello.”] The landing between Grottammare and Cupra Marittima was to make the Germans to believe in a forceful attack, and Radio Rome informed as if this were the case. So the priest, who relates the news, was identified in Reggio as Don Domenico Orlandini, “traitor” in the pay of the Allies and a “communist agent troublemaker.” This was reported as a fact even in the chronicles of Avvenire d’Italia [Future of Italy] on November 3.

I colloqui col maggiore Robertson, trasmessi da Radio Bari (alleata), ripresi per scopi inversi da Radio Roma (nazifascista), congiuntamente al fatto che neppure “Ercole Ercoli” ha tenuto per sé quanto “Carlo” gli ha detto, provocano in Reggio la messa al bando di don Domenico: una taglia di 40.000 lire pende sul suo capo. Don Carlo lo scopre appena arriva a Reggio, il 3 novembre.

Talks with Major Robertson, broadcasted by Radio Bari (Allies), were mean to counter Radio Rome (Nazi-fascist), jointly with the fact that even “Ercole Ercoli” kept to himself what “Carlo” had said, resulting in a ban on Don Domenico in the Reggio and a 40,000 pound reward placed on his head. Don Carlo discovered this when he arrived at Reggio on November 3.

Sulla corriera per Casina, dove ha con sé uno zaino pieno di munizioni affidatogli dal conte Calvi, evita sorridendo una perquisizione della Milizia. Si nasconde a Poiano, ben protetto dai suoi “ragazzi”. Sfugge a tre tentativi di cattura da parte dei fascisti venuti a cercarlo a casa sua, dove in quei giorni si nasconde anche Arturo Pedroni che il CLN di Reggio ha inviato in montagna a raccogliere e organizzare i gruppi di sbandati. In uno dei tentativi di cattura vorrebbe ricambiare l’agguato e far fuori i fascisti. Non lo fa, benché il sangue gli corra forte nelle vene, e ne sarà contento. In seguito, ancor più, scoprirà il valore del risparmiare o salvare vite. Incontra anche Marconi e lo ragguaglia sui suoi incontri e sulla sua attività.

On the bus to Casina, carrying a rucksack filled with ammunition entrusted to him by Count Calvi, [Don Carlo] prevented a search by the militia by smiling. He hid in Poiano, which was well-protected by his “boys.” He escaped capture when the fascists came three times to look for him at his house. In those days Arturo Pedroni of the Reggio CLN, who had been sent to the mountains to collect and organize the groups of stragglers, was also hidden at the house. After one of the attempts at capture, reciprocation by ambush and killing of fascists was considered. This did not happen, although the blood ran strong in his veins, and [Arturo] would have been glad to have no revenge. Afterwards, he would discover the value of saving lives. He also met with Marconi and briefed him on [the CLN’s] meetings and activities.

All’apparenza, il primo viaggio può sembrare uno scacco. Gli alleati non si fidano ancora degli italiani, né di quelli dell’Italia liberata, né di quelli che al Nord dicono di volersi opporre a fascisti e tedeschi. Mostrano però una sorta di attendismo non negativo, che non toglie speranza a don Carlo, ma lo invoglia a far di tutto per dimostrare l’infondatezza del pregiudizio antiitaliano.

Apparently the first trip might have seemed a failure. The Allies still did not trust the Italians—neither those liberated or those in the north still opposed to the fascists and Germans. They (the Allies) adopted a wait-and-see attitude and Don Carlo, however, did not loose heart and felt more determined than ever to disprove the Allies’ anti-Italian prejudice.

Riprende perciò subito a interessarsi di formazioni ribelli, cioè di una vera e propria organizzazione militare che, superata la fase del recupero degli ex prigionieri alleati e dell’aiuto a rifiutare le leve fasciste, operino in sintonia con gli alleati per liberare il territorio italiano dall’invasione tedesca.

Therefore, he resumed his interest in the rebel forces—a true military organization that, beyond helping with the recovery of the former Allied prisoners and refusing to aid the conscription of fascism, operated smoothly with the Allies to free the territory from the German invasion in Italy.

Questo è il suo primo obiettivo, raggiunto il quale gli sembra realistico pensare che il fascismo, senza più il sostegno germanico, cada da solo. Si spiega così perché, nei riguardi dei militari fascisti egli tenterà sempre, in via prioritaria, il mezzo della persuasione, come nel Bar Caminati di Reggio fa don Simonelli, apertamente, costringendoli a riflettere che il “ribellismo” si fonda su presupposti moralmente e politicamente ben definiti, come non era, invece, il loro movimento repubblican.

This was his first goal, as it seemed realistic to think that fascism, without continued support from the Germans, would fall by itself. This explains why, in respect to the fascists, he always attempted persuasion as a first priority, as when in the Bar Caminati of Reggio Don Simonelli openly forced them to reflect on whether their “rebelliousness” was based on assumptions that were morally and politically well-defined, as it was not, however, their republican movement.

Riprende subito i contatti con don Pasquino Borghi, presso il quale va a rifugiarsi per non mettere a repentaglio la popolazione di Poiano dove i fascisti, inutilmente, tentano di catturarlo. Proprio tramite don Pasquino ottiene dal vescovo il permesso di lasciare la parrocchia di Poiano per dedicarsi al nuovo impegno.

Immediately he resumed contacts with Don Pasquino Borghi, from whom he received refuge, so as not to not jeopardize the population of Poiano, where fascists were attempting in vain to capture him. Through Don Pasquino he received permission from the bishop to leave the parish of Poiano in order to devote himself to the new effort.

Un compito più da laici che non da sacerdoti. È vero. Ma la supplenza ha una ragione precisa: quell’impegno comporta troppi rischi per i laici e per le loro famiglie. Glielo si può chiedere non standosene al sicuro, ma con l’esempio, andando avanti per primi. La scelta di questi preti diventa la conseguenza di tante discussioni, fatte in seminario e fuori, sul tema “interventismo sì o no”; ovvero: sì o no al servizio militare; sì o no ad essere primi nell’impegno dove c’è da mettere in gioco la vita per salvare altre vite.

[It was] a task more suited to laity than priests. It’s true. But there was justification for the substitution: the commitment involved too much risk for the laity and their families. You can ask [a priest] to go forward first, setting an example, rather than sitting in safety. The choice of these priests came after much discussion at the seminary on the topic “interventionism—yes or no”; that is, yes or no to military service, yes or no to be the first where [a priest’s] accepting the commitment is to put his life at risk in order to save the lives of others.

La sua posizione è quella “interventista” di don Giuseppe Iemmi: i contadini e gli operai, con moglie e figli, sono chiamati alle armi. E perché no i seminaristi o i giovani sacerdoti che, pure, con la loro presenza, potrebbero portare tanta consolazione a chi soffre e muore?

His position was that of the “interventionist” Don Giuseppe Iemmi: peasants and workers, with wives and children, were called to arms. So why not seminarians or young priests as well, who, through their presence, might bring much consolation to those who suffer and die?

Il vescovo Eduardo Brettoni, approva la scelta – come già aveva approvato l’impegno contro la dittatura e contro la guerra di don Simonelli e don Cocconcelli – e, con la sua benedizione, il 27 novembre don Carlo riparte per il Sud, viaggiando di paese in paese per raccogliere le informazioni sui prigionieri alleati e organizzarne il recupero e, in più, per contattare le varie formazioni partigiane e informarle della possibile collaborazione con le forze alleate.

Bishop Eduardo Brettoni approved the choice—as he had already approved the commitment against the dictatorship and the war of Don Simonelli and Don Cocconcelli—and so, with his blessing, on November 27, Don Carlo started for the south, travelling from village to village gathering information on Allied prisoners and organizing their recovery and, in addition, contacting various partisan groups in order to inform them of the possibility for cooperation with the Allied forces.

Sulla montagna reggiana rimane don Pasquino con il compito di continuare a raccogliere gli ex prigionieri, di assisterli e di indirizzarli in quel di Ancona dove don Carlo o i suoi collaboratori li guidano al passaggio delle linee. Solo il conte Calvi è conoscenza di questa segreta organizzazione {6}.

In the Reggiano mountains, Don Pasquino stayed with the task of continuing to gather former prisoners, and helping to direct them towards Ancona, where Don Carlo or its associates would guide them through the lines. Only Count Calvi was aware of this secret organization. {6}

Un certo fondamento di verità

A certain element of truth

Ha con sé dodici ex prigionieri angloamericani raccolti fra Tapignola, Cervarolo e Gazzano, che lassù avevano trovato rifugio e assistenza – come abbiamo visto – presso don Pasquino Borghi, don Paolino Canovi e don Giambattista Pigozzi. Quest’ultimo, nel consegnargli i suoi quattro, glieli raccomanda come figli. E filiale è anche la devozione con cui don Carlo riceve la benedizione dell’anziano confratello.

[Don Carlo] had with him twelve former Allied prisoners who were collected from Tapignola, Cervarolo, and Gazzano, who had found refuge and support up there—as we have seen—with Don Pasquino Borghi, Don Paolino Canovi, and Don Giambattista Pigozzi. The latter, in handing over his four, asked that they be treated as sons. Also, it was with filial devotion that Don Carlo received the blessing of the elder brother.

Ora il viaggio deve necessariamente andare a rilento, di nascosto ai nazifascisti, con ogni mezzo di trasporto e, il più delle volte a piedi. Occorre rendersi conto di persona di dove si trovano i prigionieri, di organizzare la rete che li nasconda e, al momento opportuno, li aiuti a fuggire. In più bisogna cercare i partigiani che vanno organizzandosi e che, verso sud, sono costituiti sempre più spesso da soldati italiani sbandati, spesso coi loro ufficiali, fiduciosi che la linea del fronte risalga verso Nord nel più breve tempo possibile. Bisogna dir loro che ci sono possibilità di avere aiuto e collaborazione. È il messaggio che gli riesce di consegnare ai partigiani di Riccardo Fidel “Libero” a Forlì, ai gruppi di ex soldati del tenente Cardona a Sassoferrato.

Now the journey necessarily had to go slowly in order to avoid detection by the Nazi-fascists—by any means of transport and, more often than not, on foot. They needed to understand where the individual prisoners were, arrange for the network to hide them, and then, when appropriate, to help them to escape. In addition, there was need to watch for the partisans who were organizing themselves and who, to the south, were composed increasingly of disbanded Italian soldiers, often with their officers, confident that the front line would move northward as quickly as possible. They needed to be told that there are possibilities for help and collaboration. It was this message that was delivered to the partisans of Riccardo Fidel “Libero” a Forlì, groups [comprised of] former soldiers of Lieutenant Cardona in Sassoferrato.

Presso Montegranaro trova un campo di concentramento dove i tedeschi raccolgono i prigionieri alleati. Grazie all’aiuto del cappellano, che per questo verrà poi ucciso, fa fuggire tutti i prigionieri. Giunge Natale ed è ancora in viaggio, nei dintorni di Fermo, sotto la pioggia, con un pezzo di pane in tasca, braccato dai tedeschi e dai fascisti che hanno sempre pronto, per lui e per i suoi compagni, il colpo in canna. Ma la rete per il recupero dei prigionieri, avviata da lui e dal suo gruppo dell’A’Force, funziona: i prigionieri alleati sono aiutati a fuggire, a nascondersi, a trovare guide che li conducono ai punti d’imbarco oppure direttamente oltre il fronte. Così riprendono le missioni che, complessivamente, recuperano circa 3700 prigionieri {7}. Fra questi anche il figlio del generale Montgomery, liberato da un campo presso l’Aquila insieme a tre generali.

Near to Montegranaro there was a prison camp where the Germans held Allied prisoners. With the help of the [camp’s] chaplain, all the prisoners escaped, and the chaplain was killed for his involvement. Christmas came and still Don Carlo was on the road—on the outskirts of Fermo, in the rain, with a piece of bread in his pocket—hunted by the Germans and fascists, who were always ready for him and his comrades with a shot in their gun-barrel. But the prisoner retrieval network that he and his “A” Force partners launched was working: Allied prisoners were being helped to escape, to hide, and to find guides to lead them to coast rendesvous or directly through the front. The recovery missions overall resulted in the return of about 3,700 prisoners. {7} Among these was the son of General Montgomery, liberated along with three generals from a camp near l’Aquila.

Ora che ha la piena fiducia degli alleati e di Montgomery in particolare, don Carlo ripropone il tema degli aiuti alle formazioni partigiane del Nord. Della sua buona fede, delle sue ottime capacità, come di quelle dei suoi uomini, non hanno motivo di dubitare. Dubitano, invece, com’è noto, del Partito Comunista Italiano. Scrive don Carlo:

Now that he had the full confidence of the Allies and Montgomery in particular, Don Carlo returned to the issue of aid to the partisans in the north. His good faith and his excellent ability (like those of his men) they had no reason to doubt. However, they did doubt, as was well known, the Italian Communist Party. Don Carlo wrote:

«Gli alleati erano informati che il PCI puntava su un’azione rivoluzionaria al momento opportuno e temevano che un loro eventuale aiuto finisse esclusivamente col potenziare l’apparato comunista. Si discusse molto su questo punto: le loro obiezioni avevano un certo fondamento di verità. Ma cercai di farmi garante che sarebbero state prese opportune cautele, affinché l’eventualità da essi paventata non potesse verificarsi, almeno su larga scala».

“The Allies are aware that the PCI is aiming for revolutionary action at the appropriate time, and they fear that their possible support would only end with strengthening of the communist apparatus. There was discussion on this very point: their objections have some element of truth. But I tried to get a guarantee that appropriate precautions would be taken so that what they feared could not occur, at least not on a large scale.”

Aprile 1944. Missione al Sud conclusa

April 1944—the mission in the south is completed

Il 4 febbraio il comando inglese lancia don Carlo col paracadute nella zona di Porchia, nei pressi di Ascoli Piceno, dove c’è un caposaldo nodale della rete di recupero dei prigionieri. Qui riprende in pieno il suo lavoro di agente dell’A’Force, intersecato dai contatti con le formazioni partigiane per informarle della disponibilità degli aiuti alleati e, ovviamente, dei timori fondati che questi ultimi ancora hanno verso alcuni settori del partigianato.

On February 4, the British command landed Don Carlo by parachute in the area of Porchia, near Ascoli Piceno, which was a key junction in the prisoner recovery network. Here he fully resumed his work as an ‘A’ Force agent, interspersing [those activities] with contacts with partisan groups in order to inform them of the availability of Allied aid and, of course, to share concerns the Allies still had concerning aspects of the partisan movement.

Molte le località occupate dai tedeschi nelle quali compie audacissime operazioni di recupero dei prigioniri: San Benedetto del Tronto, Fermo, Porto Civitanova, Porto San Giorgio, Giulianova, Pescara, Cupra Marittima…

He conducted audacious prisoner recovery operations in many areas occupied by the Germans: San Benedetto del Tronto, Fermo, Porto Civitanova, Porto San Giorgio, Giulianova, Pescara, Cupra Marittima…

Ha con sé una radio ricetrasmittente per mantenere i contatti col comando inglese da cui ricevere le istruzioni operative. Per mezzo di questa radio viene a conoscenza della battaglia di Cerré Sologno del 15 marzo 1944 e degli eccidi di Santa Giulia nel modenese e di Cervarolo nel Reggiano. Sa così della morte di don Battista Pigozzi.

He carried a two-way radio in order to communicate and receive incoming instructions from the British command. By means of this radio he learned of the battle of Cerré Sologno on 15 March 1944 and the massacres of Santa Giulia in Modena area and of Cervarolo in the Reggiano. He also learned of the death of Don Battista Pigozzi.

Tutti questi fatti non sfuggono al comando alleato e testimoniano, se mai ce ne fosse ancora bisogno, che l’attività partigiana era in pieno svolgimento e la popolazione stessa del Nord pagava col sangue, pesantemente, per liberarsi dall’invasione tedesca e dal fascismo.

All these facts had not slipped the Allied command and they stood as a witness, if ever proof were needed, that partisan activity was in full swing and the northern Italians had paid heavily with blood to free themselves from the German invasion and fascism.

Ai primi di marzo la missione sta per concludersi. La sua ricompensa maggiore è la promessa – ormai certa – di aiuti in armi, generi di sussistenza e coordinamento strategico. Dunque può tornarsene a casa per dedicarsi a tempo pieno al partigianato.

In early March, the mission was about to end. [Don Carlo’s] greatest reward was the promise—almost certain now—of assistance with weaponry, other support, and strategic coordination. Therefore, he was free to go home to dedicate himself full-time to the partisan movement.

Ma gli inglesi non finiscono di dargli le ultime raccomandazioni, proprio perché hanno fiducia in lui, dimostrando, però, di avere informazioni forse più particolareggiate delle sue:

But the British did not end up granting his latest recommendations, precisely because they had confidence in him, but proving that they perhaps had more detailed information:

«Volgendo il mio impegno al termine, ricevetti tuttavia la raccomandazione di riferire ai responsabili della Resistenza che i programmi di aiuto e collaborazione avrebbero potuto venire compromessi dal ripetersi di alcuni fatti negativi, come uccisioni indiscriminate e razzie, che predisponevano negativamente la popolazione già così provata.

“While bringing my engagement to its end, however, I received the recommendation to report to the leaders of the Resistance that assistance programs and cooperation could be jeopardized by the repetition of certain negative events, such as indiscriminate killings and looting, which adversely put at risk the people who had already proven themselves.

Tali episodi dovevano quindi essere accuratamente evitati e la Resistenza doveva mantenersi sul binario della lotta ai nazifascisti, nel rispetto delle persone e delle cose non chiaramente implicate nella lotta.

“These episodes should thus be carefully avoided, and the Resistance must keep on the track of combating the fascists with respect for people and property not clearly involved in the fight.

Mi informarono anche dell’esistenza di una radio trasmittente, a mezzo della quale avrei dovuto comunicare la notizia del mio arrivo e ricevere al momento opportuno le istruzioni relative ai previsti prossimi invii di rifornimenti aviotrasportati».

“They also informed me of the existence of a radio transmitter, by means of which I was to give notice of my arrival at an appropriate time and receive instructions on how the next set of supplies would be sent by air.”

Questa è la raccomandazione alleata, inglese in particolare, e tale è la corrispondente promessa rilasciata da Carlo. Una promessa che dobbiamo tenere ben presente per comprendere i prossimi sviluppi della resistenza nella montagna reggiana e, in particolare, i confronti già in atto nelle formazioni in via di sviluppo.

This was the recommendation of the Allies—the English in particular—and such was the promise made by Carlo. A promise we must keep in mind in order to understand the next developments of resistance in the reggiana mountains and, in particular, as compared to what was already taking place in developing activities.

Il 10 aprile 1944, in bicicletta, lascia Sassoferrato (provincia di Ancona) per Sassuolo. Circa cinquecento chilometri che percorre in poco meno di un giorno e mezzo, sfidando tutti i possibili incontri con tedeschi e fascisti.

On 10 April 1944, [Don Carlo] left Sassoferrato (Ancona province) by bike, bound for Sassuolo. About 500 kilometres that he covered in less then one and a half days, braving all possible encounters with Germans and fascists.

Notes

1. D’ora in poi, salvo specifica annotazione, per il riferimento documentativo di quanto narrato, l’Autore rimanda al suo volume: La 284° Brigata Fiamme Verdi “Italo”, Ed. ALPI-APC, Reggio Emilia 2002.

[Henceforth, unless specifically noted, references in this document are drawn by the author from his book: La 284° Brigata Fiamme Verdi “Italo”, Ed. ALPI-APC, Reggio Emilia 2002.]

2. Il Tricolore (ex Il solco fascista), 10 settembre 1943.

3. Archivio Vescovile, Carteggio Brettoni Tempore belli.

4. Il solco fascista, 23 ottobre 1943.

5. Da una breve intervista rilasciata da don Alberto Camellini a Giuseppe Giovanelli il 15 marzo 2004. Don Camellini, ordinato prete il 25 giugno 1944, diventerà noto per avere seguito personalmente la vicenda del piccolo seminarista Rolando Rivi, ucciso da partigiani comunisti il 10 aprile 1945, la cui beatificazione avverrà il prossimo 5 ottobre 2013.

[A brief interview with Don Alberto Camellini by Giuseppe Giovanelli on 15 March 2004. Don Camellini, ordained as priest on June 25, 1944, will become known to have personally followed the story of the young seminarian Rolando Rivi, killed by communist partisans on April 10, 1945, whose beatification will take place on October 5, 2013.]

6. “Carlo” il primo delle Fiamme Verdi, in La Penna, numero unico della Brigata Italo – Fiamme Verdi del Cusna, 24 agosto 1945, L’articolo, firmato “Le Fiamme Verdi”, contiene un primo dettagliato resoconto del lavoro svolto da don Carlo come agente dell’A’Force per il recupero dei prigionieri alleati.

[“Carlo” il primo delle Fiamme Verdi, in La Penna, unique number Brigade “Italo” – Green Flames of Mount Cusna, August 24, 1945, The article, signed “Le Fiamme Verdi,” contains the first detailed account of the work done by Don Carlo as an agent of ‘A’ Force for the recovery of Allied prisoners.]

7. Sul numero dei prigionieri recuperati grazie all’operato di don Carlo e alla rete da lui organizzata, alquanto polemico appare Guerrino Franzini, che vorrebbe ridurne drasticamente il numero (RS, 32-33, pag. 138). Due sole osservazioni per sottolineare come il numero non appaia affatto esagerato: a) tra le varie azioni vi fu perfino l’evacuazione completa di due campi di concentramento per un totale, solo lì, di 900 prigionieri.; b) ebbe dagli inglesi non soldi (che pure gli vennero proposti), ma la Victoria Cross. Un’onorificenza, si sa, che non veniva concessa per meriti di poco conto. L’articolo de La Nuova Penna citato nella nota precedente, afferma: «Forse chi lo vede oggi per la prima volta non potrebbe credere che quell’uomo giovane, magrolino, col suo sorrisetto amichevole e, talvolta, un po’ ironico, possa aver svolto con tanta energia e, per di più, quasi sempre da solo nei momenti difficili, un’opera così vasta. Ma noi, che abbiamo vissuto con lui, sappiamo che vi furono momenti nei quali anche la sua forza di uomo avrebbe dovuto piegarsi, se non lo avesse sostenuto la sua fede patriottica, l’entusiasmo del suo apostolato, la sua costanza montanara».

[The number of prisoners recovered thanks to the work of Don Carlo and the network he organized, seems controversial to [writer] Guerrino Franzini, who would drastically reduce the number (RS, 32-33, p. 138). Just two observations to emphasize how the number does not appear to be at all exaggerated: a) between the various actions, there was a complete evacuation of two concentration camps [which held a total of] 900 prisoners; b) had received no money from the British (who had even proposed it), but [he had been awarded] the Victoria Cross. [It was] an honour, we know, that was not awarded for actions of little consequence. The article in La Nuova Penna referenced above, says: “Perhaps those who see it today for the first time might not believe that this young man, skinny, with his friendly smile and sometimes [seeming] a little wry, may have played so vigorously and, moreover, almost always alone in difficult times, [to accomplish] a work so vast. But we, who have lived with him, know that there were times when even the strength of this man would have folded, had it not been for his patriotic belief, the enthusiasm of his apostolate, his mountain-like resolve.”]

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Another book by Giuseppe Giovanelli includes material on Don Domenico Orlandini: La 284a brigata Fiamme verdi “Italo”: Cattolici della montagna reggiana nella Resistenza 1943–1945 (2002) [The 284th Brigade Fiamme Verdi “Italo”: Catholics of the Reggio Emilia Mountains in the Resistance 1943–1945].


Carl Leroy Good—Captured by the Enemy

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At left, Carl with twins Ron and Don, the last-born of his and his wife Nadine’s six children; right, Carl at home on the family farm

I first heard from Crystal Aceves in February 2010, when she wrote, “My grandfather was part of Operation Torch, subtask operation Brushwood. He made it through the amphibious landing and went on to Sicily, where he captured on July 17, 1943.”

Carl was transferred through several camps, the last of which was P.G. 59 in Servigliano.

He kept an account of his war experiences, in which he described the Camp 59 breakout:

“It was on the 8th of September we heard the allies were in Italy and Italy had packed in. What a day! We were free! That’s what we thought. We were held for six more days. We grew very impatient and started to smell a mouse, were they going to turn us loose, today, tomorrow, so we made plans of our own. We’d go on our own. Soon the Germans would come in and take us on to Germany. On the night of the 14th of September we went out under fire through a hole in the wall that had been chiseled by some of the prisoners.”

Crystal went on to explain, “Outside the camp, the men divided in smaller groups and traveled all night to the foot of Monte San Martino.

“The names of the six escapees in his group that night were Carl Good (my granddad), Sgt. George Tucker, Sgt. Jim Kingsland, Joseph Altomari, Jim Snodgrass, and Jim Martelli. After a couple days, they split up so it was safer.

“My granddad stayed with Jim Martelli.

“He was one of the lucky ones,” Crystal said. “He survived in the San Martino mountains for over nine months.

“My granddad and Jim stayed hidden outside of Monte San Martino in the countryside. At the beginning there were three families that were helping them out. As things got harder, two of the families dropped out. The main farmer and his family took them on themselves. His name was Giovanni Straffi. He had two sons fighting and both were captured—one sent to Germany and one sent to the U.S. His son’s names were Carlo and Edward (as it would be in English). The Straffi family joked that they had traded a Carlo for a Carl.

“They really took care of my granddad and Jim and made sure they survived the winter. Some winter nights, they let them spend the night under the house with the ox so they could keep warm. On one very cold, snowy winter night, they even let them spend the night inside the house and gave them a bed to sleep in for a few days.

“For the most part my granddad and Jim lived in a hidden shelter. He told me one of the Italian boys went with them near the beginning and helped make them a shelter out of wicker plants that was hidden in a small ditch in the timber and away from the main road. They had a perfect view of the families and the country around them, but they were protected. It could only be accessed by walking. The main road ran below them and there was a rural road up near level of them. This was their main hideout throughout the nine months they stayed in the mountains.

As the Allies got closer, in June 1944, they decided to leave and try to make it to Termoli. Giovanni Straffi and his wife cried because they felt like sons to them. He said he did get a letter from them after he got home, but we could never find what happened to it.

“Jim and my granddad made it to Ascoli and were met by a British company. He made in back to the U.S. on August 2, 1944.

“When my dad was little, the war was never mentioned,” Crystal wrote. “My granddad wanted to start talking about it in his 70s.”

At the time she first wrote to me, Crystal said of her granddad, “He is still alive and well and in July he will be 91. His memory is still amazing and I sit down with him often to record more stories that didn’t get written. He won’t share the worst ones, but he shares many others.”

Carl passed away the following year, on Christmas Eve, 2011.

Crystal continued to research Carl’s story—as well as other men’s escape stores, in order to better understand, by extension, her grandfather’s combat, prisoner-of-war, and escape experiences. She expanded the story to include Carl’s youth, induction into the service, and his return home after repatriation.

This year her years of work reached fruition as she at last saw the publication of her book.

Carl Good would have been pleased to see the dedicated research and sensitivity his granddaughter put into this book. The volume ensures the story of his remarkable experience will live on. It also serves as a tribute to the comrades who shared his experience and the kind Italians who offered him protection.

You can order Captured by the Enemy: The True Story of POW Carl Leroy Good from Amazon.com or through Crystal’s own website, crystalaceves.com.

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The author with her granddad, February 2011

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Carl Leroy Good during the war

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Family life—Carl and his wife Nadine with their children. In all, the couple had one daughter and five sons.

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Author Crystal Aceves with her family


Monument to Valiant Rescuers

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I recently exchanged several e-mails with Luigi Donfrancesco, who lives in Rome. His uncle, Andrea Scattini, was an Italian I.S.9 agent during the war.

I.S.9 was a sub-organization of special Allied operations unit “A” Force. I.S.9 formed escape chains to evacuate Allied escapers and evaders (E & Es) from enemy-occupied territory.

Luigi sent me photographs taken by Dr. Luigino Nespeca of a monument at Villa Stipa at Offida (Ascoli Piceno, Italy) that commemorates No. 5 Field Section of I.S.9, which produced the largest number of E & Es of any I.S.9 land unit in Italy.

See “I.S.9 History—Operations in Italy, Part 2” for detailed information on No. 5 Field Section.

Villa Stipa was one of the main bases of I.S.9 “Rat Line” rescues.

“My uncle Andrea Scattini is improperly placed with the shot [executed] patriots, but he should be with the fallen in service instead, because he was never captured,” Luigi clarified.

“Also, Don Domenico Orlandini was never shot nor dead (they erroneously thought so), but survived the war and died later in his sixties.”

Here are the names acknowledged on the memorial:

GUERRA DI LIBERAZIONE [War of Liberation]

N.5 A FORCE FED. SEC C OCAO.
A.M.G. MAGG. ROBB E CAP. R. W. LEWIS [Allied Military Government, Major (maggiore in Italian) A. Robb and U.S. Army Air Force Captain R. W. B. Lewis]
COMANDO RAT LINE
COMANDANTE CAP. G.A.R.I. [Genio Aeronautico Ruolo Ingegneri, Aeronautical Engineer Corps] STIPA LUIGI
COLLEGAMENTO VIA RADIO
CON ALGERI BARI E LANCIANO [wireless connection, Algiers with Bari and Lanciano]
SETTEMBRE 1943—18 GIUGNO 1944 [September 1943 to June 18, 1944]

FUCILATI [Shot, Executed]

FAUSTO SIMONETTI MOVM [Gold Medal of Military Valor, Medaglia d’oro al Valore Militare]—ASCOLI P [Ascoli Piceno]
MARIO MOOTES MAVM [Silver Medal of Military Valor, Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare]—PARACADUTISTA [paratrooper]—MONTALTO M [Montalto Marche]
DON DELFINO ANGELICI—MONTALTO M
ANDREA SCATTINI—FORCE
LUCIANO GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
CESARE GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
ANTONIO GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
N 3 PRIGIONIERI ALLEATI—MONTALTO M [Three Allied POWs (prigioniera di guerra alleati) shot in Montalto Marche]
N 3 ITALIANI—CASTIGNANO [Three Italians shot in Castignano]
DON ORLANDINI—SASSOTETTO
PINO ZOBITO

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CADUTI IN SERVIZIO [Fallen in Service]

ERMANNO FINOCCHI—FIRENZE [Florence]
ROBERTO—ANCONA
RENATO ROSSI R.T. [Radio-Telegrapher, Radio-Telegrafista]—NORD ITALIA [Northern Italy]
BATTISTA—PARACADUTISTA—NORD ITALIA

FERITI E CATTURATI [Wounded and Captured]

ETTORE ZAMBALDI—GENERALE PILOTA [General Pilot, Italian Air Force]—FARAONE
DARIO CELANI—CAPITANO MARINA [Captain, Italian Navy]—FARAONE
DIEGO VECCHIARELLI—MONTALTO M.
EMIDIO AZZARRI—BOMBOLO [his agent cover name]—MAVM—OFFIDA
LEONARDO STIPA—APPIGNANO DEL TR.[Appignano del Tronto]
QUINTO STIPA—APPIGNANO DEL TR.
GIUSEPPE PIERANTOZZI—OFFIDA
LUIGI CIOTTI—OFFIDA

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COLLABORATORI [Collaborators]

UGO UGUCCIONI RANIERI [di Sorbello (Bourbon del Monte)]
ERMANNO FINOCCHI
NANNI GIOVANNETTI
ITALO SANTARELLI
ZENO VINCI
MAGG. MAC KEE [I.S.9 officer Major McKee]
CLAUDIO STIPA
CARLA STIPA

DONATO FANTACUZZI
D’ANGELO CAMMILLO
SPARTACO PERINI—MAVM
VITTORIO DI FRISCIA
VINCENZO BOSICA

JACH RAYNER—POW INGL [ENGLISH]
ROBERTO LEVINE—POW PR FFF [Free French Forces]
NORADINO STIPA—CAP MARINA
MARGHERITA LO SCIUT
PASQUALE D’ANGELO

TALINA D’ANGELO
RUGGERO DAMIANI
DOMENICO ALESSI
PASQUALE ALESSI
ETTORE MARUCCHI

ITALO SPERANTINI
PASQUALE MAROZZI
FAMIGLIA FAGNANI
FAMIGLIA D’ANNUNZIO
DON ANTONIO GALOSI

Here are further comments and clarifications from Luigi Donfrancesco:

“My uncle ANDREA (SCATTINI) was one of the original six agents in the group formed in Termoli in October 1943:

1) Uguccione RANIERI di Sorbello (Bourbon del Monte);
2) Don Domenico ORLANDINI;
3) Ermanno FINOCCHI;
4) Andrea SCATTINI;
5) Fausto SIMONETTI;
6) Augusto RUFFO di Calabria (brother of Paola, Queen of Belgium. He died on a torpedo Motor Boat in the first mission on November 1 or 2, 1943).

“Of the original group of six agents, only two survived the war: Count Uguccione RANIERI di Sorbello and the priest Don Domenico “Carlo” ORLANDINI.

“The three PRIGIONIERI DI GUERRA ALLEATI (Allied POWs) were shot on March 11, 1944 in Montalto Marche with Paratrooper MARIO MOOTES, who was trying to transport them to salvation in a truck. [These three men were L. H. J. Brown, D. Hollingsworth, and T. W. White.]

“Fausto SIMONETTI was awarded MOVM (Medaglia d’Oro al Valor Militare, Gold Medal for Valour or Bravery). He was shot on 6 June, 1944 (D-day), after two months of prison, interrogations and tortures.

“Ermanno FINOCCHI was killed by a mine (left by the retiring Germans), in Fiesole (outskirts of Florence) in August 1944.”

Captain Richard Warren Barrington LEWIS was American and was in the Torpedo Motorboat with Augusto RUFFO di Calabria on November 2, 1943, but swam ashore and survived, as did Raymond LEE-COURAUD, French, naturalized British, Captain of S.A.S. (Special Air Service).


Andrea Scattini—Youthful I.S.9 Agent

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Portrait of Andrea Scattini by Federico Spoltore, Lanciano, February 14, 1944

As a young man and a medical student, Andrea Scattini was enrolled in the Medical Corps of the Italian Army and assigned to the Celio Military Hospital, Rome, according to his nephew Luigi Donfrancesco.

In September 1943, after Italy signed the Armistice, Andrea was captured by Germans outside the hospital. He and several other young men were slated for transport to Germany when Andrea escaped.

He returned to his home in San Vito Chietino Marina, on the Adriatic coast.

In October 1943, in Termoli, Andrea offered his services to the Allies and was enrolled as an agent under Captain Andrew Robb, No. 5 Field Section, “A” Force (I.S.9). He was among the first small group of six Italians to be employed in that capacity (the others being Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello, Don Domenico Orlandini, Ermanno Finocchi, Fausto Simonetti, and “Guido”—full name unknown).

Andrea’s mission was to organize escape “Rat-lines” and to guide former POWs to safety over land and along the Adriatic coastline.

This was named Plan RATBERRY Section “A”, No. 5 Field Section, and Andrea and the other agents of his group were often referred to as “the Ratberry boys.”

Luigi is trying to acquire documents with details of Andrea’s missions and activities as an “A” Force/I.S.9 agent in the Marche and Abruzzo regions.

In a No. 5 Field Section progress report from Lanciano, Captain Robb states that on December 21, 1943, Andrea arrived at the Allied lines of the New Zealand Division, taking with him ex-POW Lance Corporal “Spiro.”

In the same report, Captain Robb states Andrea is “one of the original planners of MILKY WAY.”

“MILKY WAY” was a plan to extend RATBERRY in other directions, north and possibly east, to take prisoners to Switzerland and/or Yugoslavia.

On March 8, 1944, at age 26, Andrea was killed in the village of Force—the victim of an apparent ambush.

Luigi Donfrancesco was a baby at the time of Andrea’s death. In time, Andrea’s mother—who was Luigi’s grandmother—gave his medical textbooks to Luigi. Luigi adopted what would have been his uncle’s calling, and he went on to become a doctor.

Luigi’s son, named Andrea in honor of his great uncle, also entered the medical profession.

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Andrea Scattini, Porto S. Giorgio, September 1943

Luigi said, “His photo with short pants and a serious expression on his face was taken in Porto San Giorgio, Marche (his wife’s home town) in late September 1943, soon after he was captured in Rome by the Germans and was able to escape.”

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“I am the child Andrea is holding in this photo, taken in Rome in 1942, when I was about one year old,” Luigi wrote. “His only child, Ettore Scattini, was born later in Force, in November 1943.”

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Villino Verrucci, Force, Ascoli Piceno, in front of which Andrea Scattini was killed. Photo: Dr. Luigino Nespeca

“Force, then covered by snow, is where my uncle lost his life in the evening of March 8, 1944, just in front of beautiful ‘Villino Verrucci’. The circumstances of his death are not yet fully clarified. It seems he may have been killed by a fascist, alleged partisan, infiltrated inside the ‘Paolini’ partisan group.”

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U.S. Army Air Force Captain R. W. B. Lewis, No. 5 Field Section of “A” Force, sent this letter or condolence to the widow of Andrea Scattini following his death:

No 5 “A” Force Fd. Sec.,
c/o C.A.O., A.M.G.
AREZZO.

20 July 44.

To: La Signora Scattini

From: Commanding Officer,
No 5 “A” FORCE FIELD SEC.

I wish to extend to you, on behalf of the ALLIED ARMIES IN ITALY, our most profound gratitude for the service your husband, ANDREA SCATTINI, rendered the armed forces of GREAT BRITAIN and AMERICA.

ANDREA served with distinction from October 1943 until March 1944. He carried out duties of the most important and difficult kind, and in the performance of these duties he displayed unusual courage and gallantry. He was held in the greatest esteem by all who worked with him; no few of whom owe their lives to his efforts. He died while on duty in enemy territory, and his name is enrolled among those of all nations who perished in action against the common foe.

Please accept, Signora, our deepest sympathy for the loss of your husband, and this expression of our gratitude for his great sacrifice.

[signed] R. W. B. Lewis
Capt. USAAF
for Wing Commander G. 1
Advanced headquarters of “A” FORCE.
Allied Armies in Italy.

Here is Captain Lewis’ letter translated into Italian, courtesy of Luigi Donfrancesco:

“A” FORCE SEZIONE TERRITORIALE N. 5, presso C.A.O., A.M.G, AREZZO.
20 Luglio 1944.

Alla Signora Scattini

Da: Ufficiale Comandante, “A” FORCE SEZIONE TERRITORIALE N. 5

Desidero parteciparle, per conto delle FORZE ALLEATE IN ITALIA, la nostra più profonda gratitudine per i servizi che suo marito, ANDREA SCATTINI, ha reso alle forze armate della GRAN BRETAGNA e AMERICA.

ANDREA ha servito con distinzione da Ottobre 1943 fino a Marzo 1944. Ha espletato compiti del massimo grado di importanza e difficoltà, e nell’espletamento di questi compiti ha dimostrato non comune coraggio e ardimento. Egli era tenuto nella più alta considerazione da tutti quelli che hanno lavorato con lui; non pochi dei quali devono la vita ai suoi sforzi. Egli è morto mentre era in servizio in territorio nemico, e il suo nome è annoverato fra quelli di tutte le nazioni che sono morti in azione contro il comune nemico.

La prego di accettare, Signora, le nostre più profonde condoglianze per la perdita di suo marito, e questa espressione della nostra gratitudine per il suo grande sacrificio.

Firmato: R. W. B. LEWIS
Capitano dell’Aviazione USA
Per il Comandante di Stormo G. 1.
Quartiere Generale Avanzato dell’ “A” FORCE,
Armate Alleate in Italia.

Dopo la guerra Lewis diviene Professore di Letteratura Inglese e Americana all’Università di Yale e con le sue pubblicazioni vince il premio Pulitzer. Appassionato di Firenze e di Dante, viene spesso in Italia e scrive un libro su Dante. Muore nel 2002 all’età di 84 anni.



Ermanno Finocchi to “Carlo” Orlandini

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First page of a two-page letter from Ermanno Finocchi to Don Domenico “Carlo” Orlandini

Last week, Luigi Donfrancesco sent me an English translation he made of a letter I.S.9 agent Ermanno Finocchi sent to fellow agent Don Domenico Orlandini, whose agent name was “Carlo.”

“I found it interesting, as it shows details of Plan MILKY WAY and the way agents operated in setting up Rat-lines (Ratberry lines),” Luigi explained.

Here are introductory notes from Luigi in Italian and English, followed by the letter in both languages:

Nota. Scritto a matita su carta di quaderno a quadretti. E’ fra le “carte Stipa”, gentilmente fornite dal Dr. Luigino Nespeca di Offida nell’Agosto 2015.

Non c’è data, ma è stato scritto subito prima della partenza di Ermanno Finocchi per Milano (il 15 Marzo 1944 in camion, riferisce “Babka” nei suoi Diari). Quindi le “molte notizie di carattere doloroso” sono:

  • l’uccisione di Andrea Scattini a Force (8 marzo);
  • la cattura di Fausto Simonetti a Palmiano (9 marzo);
  • l’attacco alla banda partigiana “Paolini” a Rovetino e Rotella (9 marzo) e conseguente smantellamento della banda stessa;
  • l’attacco ed eliminazione della base “Rat-line” di Porchia (10 marzo), con ferimento e cattura di Diego Vecchiarelli e arresto di altri collaboratori;
  • l’uccisione nei pressi di Montalto Marche del Sergente Paracadutista Mario Mootis (sopravvissuto alla battaglia di El Alamein) e dei 3 prigionieri di guerra britannici che erano con lui (11 marzo).

In English:

Note: Written in pencil on paper squared notebook. From among the “Stipa Papers,” kindly provided by Dr. Luigino Nespeca of Offida on August 2015.

There is no date [on the letter], but it was apparently written just before Ermanno Finocchi started for Milan (via truck on March 15, 1944, as reported by author Alessando Perini in his book I Diari di Babka 1943–1944). So the “much news of a painful kind” are:

  • the killing of Andrea Scattini in Force (March 8);
  • the capture of Fausto Simonetti in Palmiano (March 9);
  • The attack on the “Paolini” partisan group in Rovetino and Rotella (March 9) and subsequent dismantling of the band itself;
  • The attack on and removal of the Porchia “Rat-line” base (March 10), with the wounding and capture of Diego Vecchiarelli and arrest of other collaborators;
  • The killing near Montalto Marche of Sergeant Paratrooper Mario Mootis (a survivor of the Battle of El Alamein) and three British prisoners of war who were with him (March 11).

Il messaggio si riferisce all’attuazione del Piano “MILKY WAY” (estensione della “Rat-line” a Nord fino alla Svizzera), al quale dovevano partecipare Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, Ermanno FINOCCHI e Andrea SCATTINI. In una sua relazione, il Cap. Stipa riferisce che:

  • Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, partito da Lanciano, attraversa il fronte e passa a Offida il 20 Febbraio 1944. Riferisce a Stipa di essere stato incaricato dal Comando “A” Force di Lanciano di estendere la “Rat-Line” verso Nord fino a SASSOFERRATO (provincia di Ancona), passando per FORCE, e di collegare la nuova linea con la base di OFFIDA;
  • Ermanno FINOCCHI e Andrea SCATTINI, partiti da Lanciano, varcano insieme il fronte e arrivano a OFFIDA il 7 Marzo 1944. Riferiscono di essere stati incaricati dal Comando di Lanciano: Ermanno di andare a MILANO e Andrea di procedere fino a BOLOGNA. Morto Andrea l’8 Marzo, il messaggio di Ermanno indica che Don “Carlo” Orlandini subentra nella missione di Andrea].

In English:

The message refers to implementation of Plan “MILKY WAY” (the extension of the “Rat-line” to the north as far as Switzerland), to which Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, Ermanno FINOCCHI and Andrea SCATTINI were assigned. In the report, Captain Stipa reports that:

  • Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, departed from Lanciano, crossing the front and passing Offida on February 29, 1944. The Stipa papers indicate that he was instructed by the Lanciano command of “A” Force to extend the “Rat-line” to the north as far as SASSOFERRATO (in the province of Ancona), via FORCE, and to connect the new line with the base at OFFIDA;
  • Ermanno FINOCCHI and Andrea SCATTINI, started out from Lanciano, crossing the front together, and arriving in OFFIDA on March 7, 1944. They are reported to have been entrusted [to their operations] by orders of Lanciano: Ermanno going to Milan and Andrea proceeding to BOLOGNA. Andrea was killed on March 8; Ermanno’s message suggests that Don “Carlo” Orlandini took over Andrea’s mission].

“Ermanno Finocchi was from Grottammare (a Marche coastal town in the province of Ascoli Piceno). He was a nephew (son of a sister) of Colonel Gustavo DOLFI, head of partisan groups in San Benedetto del Tronto.

In his book San Vito e la guerra (San Vito and the War), Pietro Cupido says Ermanno Finocchi was captain of Marina Velica, while his uncle was in Marina Mercantile—the Merchant Navy.

At the end of I Diari di Babka 1943–1944,Alessando Perini includes a 2005 interview with Elio TREMAROLI (former “A” Force agent and partisan, cover name “Pino”). He asks Elio about Ermanno Finocchi.

Question: “Che ricorda di Ermanno Finocchi?”

“What do you remember about Ermanno Finocchi?”

Answer: “Ho saputo della sua morte al comando ‘A’ Force di Arezzo.”

“I learned of his death at the ‘A’ Force Command in Arezzo.”

“Con Ermanno eravamo proprio amici, lui era di Grottammare, nipote di Gustavo, il Col. Dolfi.”

“Ermanno and I were real friends, he was from Grottammare, nephew of Colonel Gustavo Dolfi.”

“Era un intraprendente, un navigatore, una volpe.”

“He was an enterprising [resourceful] man, a navigator, a fox.”

“E’ morto stupidamente a Fiesole appena liberata, lui voleva entrare in una villa, c’era una scalinata esterna con sotto l’ingresso del piano terra: ha dato una spallata alla porta e la casa è saltata. Era minata.”

“He died in a stupid way in just liberated Fiesole (Florence), he wanted to enter inside a villa, there was an external staircase with underneath the entrance to the ground floor: he pushed the door with his shoulder and the house blew up. It was mined.”

Question: “C’era qualcuno presente?”

“Was there anyone present?”

Answer: “Si, ma non ricordo chi fosse. L’ho saputo subito perchè ero ad Arezzo con il Cap. Lewis.”

“Yes, but I don’t remember who. I learned about it immediately as I was in Arezzo with Captain Lewis.”

Ermanno Finocchi’s Letter

Here is the text of Ermanno Finocchi’s letter in Italian, followed by the translation into English:

“Caro Orlandini,

“tornando qui (dal Cap. Stipa a Offida) apprenderai molte notizie di carattere doloroso.

“Come d’accordo, io proseguo per Milano, ove debbo incontrarmi con Benello.”

[Il Capitano BENELLO, dell’ Esercito Italiano, è menzionato nel Progress Report 15-25 Jan. 1944 del Capitano Andrew ROBB, Capo della “No. 5 Field Section” dell’ “A” Force, e in altri documenti IS9: selezionava i paracadutisti per le missioni in territorio nemico].

“Da lì, insieme ad altri due, cercheremo di creare l’apertura della frontiera (Svizzera). Una volta realizzato il primo scopo, scenderò, facendo rotta, nei pressi di Piacenza.

“Nel frattempo tu avrai espletato il tuo compito di innesto con Stipa, ed affiderai la sorveglianza della zona a persona di tua fiducia.

“Liberatoti di ciò, dovresti subito iniziare il lavoro come sai, da Bologna a Piacenza, oltre il Po, avvalendoti di collaboratori di tua assoluta fiducia.

“Per incontrarci, è bene stabilire più appuntamenti, o meglio riferimenti.

“Io sosterò a Lecco presso la casa del Tenente biondo Panzeri in Via Mentana 14 (Castello). Recandoti lì mi troverai o avrai il mio reale indirizzo.

“Dal canto mio, potrò cercarti da Cocconcelli a Reggio Emilia, da Arduini Laerte a Parma o dal Conte Carlo Calvi a Cadè, ove se tu non vi fossi, lascerai esatte indicazioni per un preciso appuntamento.

“Non occorre raccomandarmi a te perché il compito affidatoci abbia concreta realizzazione.

“Affettuosi saluti, Ermanno”

In English:

“Dear ORLANDINI,

“Arriving here, you will learn much news of a painful kind.

“As agreed, I am proceeding to MILANO, where I will meet Captain BENELLO”.

[With regard to Captain Benello, a November 1943, I.S.9 war diary states: “Nov. 18: Capt. BENELLO – Italian Army – to arrange supply of Agents. / Nov. 19: Capt. BENELLO is empowered by Italian ‘Comando Supremo’ to find 25 Italian soldiers for use as Agents.” Also, on page six of his January 15–25, 1944 report, Captain Robb says: “The parachutists selected by Capt. BENELLO have done extremely well, as this report indicates.”]

“From there, with the other two, we will try to accomplish opening of the frontier [Swiss border]. Once the first purpose is achieved, I will come down, making a route, near PIACENZA.

“Meantime you will have completed your task of connecting (the southern end of the new “MILKY WAY” line) to Stipa [at Offida] and you will delegate surveillance of the area to a person whom you trust.

“As soon as you are rid of that [duty], you should begin the job as you know, [establishing a connection] from BOLOGNA to PIACENZA, beyond the Po river, making use of collaborators you absolutely trust.

“For you and I to be able to meet, it will be useful to establish several appointments, or better yet, landmarks.

“I will stop in LECCO at the house of blond Lieutenant Panzeri, Via Mentana 14 (Castle). In going there, you will find me or they will give you my real address.

“For my part, I will look for you at Cocconcelli in REGGIO EMILIA, at Arduini Laerte’s in PARMA, or at Count Carlo Calvi’s in Cadè, and if you are not there, you are to leave exact indications for a precise appointment.

“There is no need to recommend you [to complete your part of the job, so] that the task entrusted to us [to organize the new Rat-line from Offida to Switzerland, according to Plan “Milky Way”] is fully realized.

“Affectionate greetings, Ermanno (FINOCCHI)”.


Honor Recommended for Mario Mottes

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First page of a letter from Major Luigi Stipa recommending that I.S.9 agent Mario Mottes be posthumously awarded the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare)

In January 1944, Sergeant Mario Mottes was wounded in the area of Montalto Marche during a parachute drop, when his parachute opened too late to prevent a violent landing.

He continued on his mission, and two months later, on March 10, 1944, he was arrested by the Germans and shot with three escaped Allied prisoners of war.

Major Luigi Stipa proposed the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare) be awarded to Mario. His letter of recommendation details Mario’s valiant service.

Access to this document from the “Stipa Papers” came through Dr. Luigino Nespeca of Offida. Luigi Donfrancesco translated the Silver Medal nomination into English:

REPORT ATTACHED TO PROPOSAL OF SILVER MEDAL “TO MILITARY BRAVERY, IN MEMORIUM” to Sergeant Radio-Telegrapher Paratrooper of the Army Mario MOTTES

Name: MOTTES Mario
Born: Belgium, November 18, 1919
Degree: Sergeant R.T. Paratrooper
Unit: Royal Army, Battalion Paratroopers
Enrolled in force on January 17, 1944
Residence: PERGINE VALSUGANA (TRENTO)
Shot at MONTALTO (MARCHE) on March 10, 1944

Sergeant R.T. Paratrooper Mario MOTTES was air dropped on January 17, 1944 near the site of the “Stipa Group” in Appignano del Tronto, to start service as Voluntary Partisan Radio-Telegrapher, sent by the Termoli “A Force” Command.

His drop occurred at about hour 24 (midnight) in the area of Porchia [Montalto Marche] from an altitude of about 500 meters but, unfortunately, his parachute opened after considerable delay, such that MOTTES violently struck the ground, receiving severe contusions and wounds all over his body. He was helped by the Porchia section of Stipa group, commanded by Lieutenant “NANNI” Giovannetti. He was looked after there [at Porchia] and, as soon as he was able to move, he presented to me to establish contacts and agreements for missions of taking beyond the Pescara river groups of Allied prisoners collected in the area, as well as for radio-telegraphic connection with Bari, Termoli, etc.

After returning to Porchia from one of his missions, on March 10, 1944 Sergeant MOTTES was captured by Gestapo agents, who for some time had been investigating the ranks of the Marche partisan organization, and on same day he was shot by them with three Allied prisoners of war at Montedinove-Ponte Dragone, near Montalto Marche.

For the highest moral and military qualities shown by MOTTES in voluntarily undertaking the above most dangerous task, driven only by great love for his country and by a deeply rooted and admirable sense of military duty, as well as for showing courage in carrying out missions while physically crippled, and further, by resisting torture by his captors, without revealing anything that could cause discovery of the partisan organization and of his companions, preferring death to delation that could save him, I propose him for the award of “Silver Medal for Military Bravery, in Memoriam” with the following citation:

“VOLUNTARY PARTISAN FOR THE WAR OF LIBERATION OF NATIONAL TERRITORY FROM THE GERMANS, HE CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE CORNERSONES OF THE GROUPS HE BELONGED TO, ACTING BETWEEN THE DANGERS OF COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN ENEMY OCCUPIED TERRITORY AND REPEATEDLY CROSSING THE BATTLEFRONT TO BRING ORDERS AND PRECIOUS INFORMATION FOR THE ALLIES. AIR LAUNCHED DURING A DANGEROUS MISSION AND HAVING REMAINED SERIOUSLY CONTUSED DUE TO THE LATE OPENING OF HIS PARACHUTE, WITH HEROIC EFFORT OF WILL HE AVOIDED IMMEDIATE CAPTURE IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT THE TASK ENTRUSTED TO HIM. LATER, AFTER RETURNING FROM ONE OF HIS MANY MISSIONS, HE WAS CAPTURED AND SHOT BY THE ENEMY, HAVING BRAVELY RESISTED TORTURE INFLICTED TO HIM AND HAVING NOT REVEALED THE PARTISAN ORGANIZATION AND THE NAMES OF HIS COMPANIONS.

[HIS WAS A] MAGNIFICENT EXAMPLE OF LOVE OF HIS HOMELAND AND OF FAITHFUL DEDICATION TO DUTY.

Major Engineer Luigi Stipa

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The second page of Major Stipa’s letter

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Mario Mottes’s birth certificate

Luigi Donfrancesco requested a copy of Mario’s birth certificate from the comune of Pergine Valsugana in order to clear confusion regarding the spelling of his last name. The certificate confirms that it is Mottes. Therefore his surname Mootes on the Offida Monument is not correct.

Here is information from the birth certificate:

Mario Raoul MOTTES was born in Bruxelles (Belgium) on November 18, 1919.

His father was Achille Oscar MOTTES, born in Teheran (Persia, now Iran); his mother was Pia PAOLI, born in Pergine Valsugana (Trento, TN, Italy).

Mario’s birth abroad in 1919 was registered in Italy in 1930, when he was 11.

Luigi said Pergine Valsugana has no record of Mario’s death at Montalto Marche, Ascoli Piceno, in March 1944—at age 24.


The Alphabetical List—British Soldiers A–B

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In July 2013 my friend Brian Sims sent me a set of photographs of a remarkable document he had uncovered in the British National Archives.

One hundred thirty-eight pages in length, Italy: Imperial Prisoners of War Alphabetical List, Section 1, British Army, contains the names of thousands of British prisoners of war, along with their ranks, service numbers, and the military units to which they belonged.

The booklet is divided into sections for officers and “other ranks.”

Because officers were not typically interned at P.G. 59, only three are listed.

These officers provided healthcare to the internees: Captain T. R. Hodgson, Royal Army Dental Corps (serving as the camp’s dentist); Captain J. H. D. Millar, Royal Army Medical Corps (the chief medical officer for the camp); and A. R. Duff Royal Army Medical Corps (also a camp medical officer).

I am unsure of why Brigadier S. William, Royal Artillery, was present in the camp.

Sergeant Major T. W. Hegarty was P.G. 59 camp leader before Captain Millar assumed that role on September 9, 1943 due to Hegarty’s sudden incapacity. Hegarty, R.S.M. (Regimental Sergeant Major—a non-commissioned rank), Royal Armoured Corps, is listed among other ranks in this document.

This post contains the names of the officers and names A–B of other ranks—147 men in all.

I will share the rest of the British P.G. 59 internees’ names in future posts.

The Alphabetical List has no printed date, and at first I wondered if it was produced during the war for use as a handbook, or if it was printed after the war as an historical record. It turns out the document itself contains clues to its publication date.

In the book, William Armitt, John “Jock” Attrill, Frank Bayley, and John “Jock” Hamilton—the subjects of the musical documentary Hands Up—For You the War is Ended—are all listed as P.G. 59 internees.

I know from these four men’s repatriation records (also courtesy of Brian Sims) that William Armitt and Frank Bayley were interned at P.G. 59 from January 31, 1942 to May 15, 1943; “Jock” Hamilton from January 1, 1942 to May 15, 1943; and “Jock” Attrill from January 1942 to June 1943.

In May/June 1943 they were all transferred to P.G. 146/22 Vairano.

If these dates are an accurate reflection of where the men were interned at the time the Alphabetical List went to press, that would put its publication date at circa January 1942–May 1943.

Here is the list of officers and other ranks A-B, followed by a key to acronyms and abbreviations:

Officers

Duff, A. R. – Capt. – 115475 – R.A.M.C.
Hodgson, T. R. – Capt. – 128124 – A.D.C.
Millar, J. H. D. – Capt. – 98370 – R.A.M.C.
William, S. – Brig. – 13403 – R.A.

Other Ranks, A–B

Page 8
Achilles, C. – Cfm. 7614430 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44

Page 9
Adam, G. T. – Drv. – T/70369 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Adams, A. G. – Drv. – 1871731 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Adams, G. A. – Tpr. – 7909165 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Adamson, A. F. – Pte. – 6144598 – E. Surr – R.O. No. 23
Aitken, G. – L/Sgt. – 2980168 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Alden, G. – L/Cpl. T/151075 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Alexander, J. – L/Cpl. – 5506613 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 29
Allan, G. E. – Sgt. – 7621207 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32
Allaway, A. J. – L/Sgt. – 6914278 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Allen, B. J. – Sgt. – T/75228 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Allen, G. R. – L/Cpl. – 186837 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 24 (number is unclear)
Allen, F. J. – Gnr. – 876990 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 10
Allen, F. A. – Tpr. – 7915102 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Allenby, H. M. – Sgt. – 549921 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Allison, J. F. – Gnr. – 836851 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Alliston, W. – Gnr. – 1681705 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Allum, D. W. – Sgm – 2585112 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Almond, V. – Tpr. – 4538455 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Alnwick, R. – Pte. – 6284971 – Buffs. – R.O. No. 23
Anderson, C. – Gnr. – 1432941 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6

Page 11
Archer, H. E. – Gnr. – 1544134 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Armitt, Wm. – Dvr. – T/165163 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Armour, D. – Tpr. – 315436 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Arndle, F. W. – Pte. – 5506620 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Ashburn, J. H. – Gnr. – 4544652 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Ashburner, H. B. – Rfn. – 6852905 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Ashford, G. W. – L/Cpl. – 7881830 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Ashton, W. – Tpr. – 554018 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 12
Atkins, T. A. – Sgt. – 6341283 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Atkinson, J. L. – Sgm. – 2583123 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Atrill, J. C. – L/Bdr. – 1437951 – R.A. – R.O. No. 8
Austin, W. A. – Sgt. – 6845204 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Averlone, V. – Pte. – 6023593 – Essex – R.O. No. 21
Aylett, W. – B. S. M. – 1070347 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Babbington, J. W. – Cpl. – 6700562 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bagley, J.E. – Tpr. – 551916 – R.C.A. – R.O. No. 3

Page 13
Bailey, D. N. – Tpr. – 7896934 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bailey, F. T. – Cpl. – 7899996 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Baker, C. H. – Gnr. – 948455 – R.A. – R.O. No.5
Baker, E. J. – Cpl. – 2326800 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Balchin, A. J. – Dvr. – T/202289 – R.A.S.C – R.O. No. 29
Balfour, A. J. – Gnr. – 1438900 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Ballam, H. K. – Pte. – 5505936 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 2_ (this is a two digit number, but the edge of the page is torn off)
Baly, G. – Sgm. – 2330359 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10

Page 14
Banks, A. V. – Sgt. – 922719 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barbour, N. W. – Tpr. – 321467 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Barker, R. E. – Sgm. – 2334700 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Barlow, G. – Dvr/i/c – 1099347 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barnard, J. W. – Pte. – 6143343 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Barnes, A. G. – Pte. – 5494917 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Barr, M. – Rfm. – 6913634 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24

Page 15
Barron, H. A. – Sgt. – 6913166 – R.O. No. 24
Bartleman, J. – Dvr. – 71029 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bartlett, L. F. – Gnr. – 1147186 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barton, T. – Cfn. – 7590638 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Baskett, H. W. – Dvr. – T/164277 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 16
Baxter, W. – Pte. – 4453412 – D.L.I. – R.O. No. 20
Bayes, E. A. – Dvr. – 2000063 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bayley, F. E. – Tpr. – 7909091 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Beale, J. W. – Tpr. – 7909517 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Beaumont, H. C. – Gnr. – 1135435 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Beavington, M. A. J. – Pte. – 7371994 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Beckerman, H. – Tpr. – 7901308 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 17
Bell, E. R. – Cfn. – 7614908 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Bellin, R. – L/Cpl. – T/164386 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Belson, W. S. – Gnr. – 978924 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bennett, S. A. – Dvr. – T/189052 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bennett, N. A. – L/Cpl. – 2585622 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Bennett, L. J. – Rfn. – 6852591 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Benson, G. H. – Rfn. – 6852592 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 30
Bentley, J. H. – Sgt. – 1432971 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Bentley, C. – Fus. – 14241648 – R.W.F. – R.O. No. 19

Page 18
Bindler, J. – Rfm. – 6920233 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Birchall, C. W. – Rfm. – 6844370 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Bird, G. H. – Gnr. – 936021 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Birkinshaw, B. – L/Sgt. – 785750 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bishop, E. W. H. – Gnr. – 953333 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Bishop, A. – Cpl. – 5947915 – B. & H. – R.O. No. 21
Bishop, L. F. – Tpr. – 7893400 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Blaby, F. J. – L/Sgt. – 7886593 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Black, J. – Pte. – 7375090 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Blackwell, G. H. – Drv. – 164271 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blake, G. W. B. – Drv. – T/136380 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 19
Blake, G. C. – Pte. – 5501875 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Blogg, N. – Pte. – S/3859571 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blondel, F. O. O. – Pte. – 7634404 – R.A.O.C – R.O. No. 32
Blood, F. – Pte. – 7357196 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Blyth, A. B. – Drv. – T/107681 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blyth, J. – Sgt. – 403630 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 30
Boanas, G. A. – Drv. – 1907665 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bonner, C. – Rfm. – 6910904 – R.Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bonness, D. J. – Tpr. – 7889903 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Booker, A. G. – Pte. – 7629946 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32

Page 20
Boulter, V. – Drv. – T/164744 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bourke, F. G. – Cpl. – 7890321 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Boutell, A. – Tpr. – 7910544 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Boxall, R. E. – L/Cpl. – 85018 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Boyd, J. McD. – Pte. – 92100 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Boyd, J. – Gnr. – 845371 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 21
Boyle, P. J. – Drv. – 164976 – R.A.SC. – R.O. No. 29
Bozzone, J. A. L. – Tpr. – 7887518 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Brack, J. – L/Sgt. – 319428 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bradford, C. J. P. – Rfm. – 6915262 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brady, M. – Tpr. – 7909693 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Brawn, R. – Bdr. – 1433896 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Breadmore, L. J. – Drv./i/c – 1118236 – R.A. – R.O. No.5
Brewer, G. G. – Rfm. – 6920249 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brewster, D. T. – Tpr. – 7918123 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 22
Briers, H. A. – Drv. – 164496 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Briggs, A. J. – Drv. – 164275 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bringloe, W. G. – Rfm. – 6920259 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bristow, E. S. G. – Cfn. – 7616589 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Broad, S. R. T. – Rfm. – 6913330 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brook, D. E. M. – Tpr. – 7905220 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 23
Brown, E. L. – Drv. – 1061983 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Brown, A. M. E. – Gnr. – 1095609 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brown, H. T. – Gnr. 1110005 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brown, M. – Sgm. – 2047459 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Brown, R. E. – L/Cpl. – 6011052 – Essex – R.O. No. 21
Brown, F. G. – Drv. – T/164274 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Brown, E. – Gnr. – 850483 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brownlie, R. E. – Spr. – 2004944 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Broxup, A. – Tpr. – 3529759 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bruce, C. – Sgt. – 2758668 – Bk. Watch – R.O. No. 16

Page 24
Bruce, F. – Tpr. – 7914046 – R.O. No. 3
Bryan, J. E. – Drv. – T/223011 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bryant, J. S. – Spr. – 1865335 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bryson, P. – Sgt. – 2978709 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bucklen, H. E. – Pte. – 6208520 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Bull, L. – Drv. – 164625 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bullimore, L. C. – Drv. – 164650 R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bunting, W. – Pte. – 5502925 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Burgess, H. – Gnr. – 1559674 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6

Page 25
Burke, P. J. – Gnr. – 1095614 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Burke, M. J. – Pte. – 7264949 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Burk, P. O. – Pte. – 7265212 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Burns, M. – L.Cpl. – 319522 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Burns, J. – Pte. – 2989950 – A. & S.H. – R.O. No. 16
Burrows, L. C. – Pte. – 5496183 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Burton, L. – Pte. – 6287115 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23
Burton, F. E. – Rfm. 6852139 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Bust, F. – Drv. – T/164537 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Acronyms and Abbreviations

A. & S.H. – Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
A.A.C. – Army Air Corps
A.A.A.C. – Australian Army Aviation Corps
A.D.C. – This is an acronym for a unit name, possibly the Royal Army Dental Corps (R.A.D.C.)

B. & H. – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
B.S.M. – Battery Sergeant-Major
Bk. Watch – Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)
Bord. – Border Regiment
Brig. – Brigadier
Buffs – Royal East Kent Regiment (“The Buffs”)

C.G. – Coldstream Guards
C.S.M. – Company Sergeant Major
Cam. H.– Cameron Highlanders
Camns. – it seems likely this also refers to the Cameron Highlanders
Capt. – Captain
Cfn./Cfm. – Craftsman
Cpl. – Corporal

D.L.I. – Durham Light Infantry
Drv. – Driver
Dvr/i/c – Driver (meaning of i/c unknown)

E. Surr – East Surrey Regiment
Essex – Essex Brigade

Fus. – Fusilier

Gdsm. – Guardsman
Gn. How. – (unit name, full name unknown)
Gnr. – Gunner

Hamp. – Hampshire Regiment

K.R.R.C. – King’s Royal Rifle Corps

L/Bdr. – Lance Bombardier
L/Cpl. – Lance Corporal

P.S.M. – (rank unknown, may refer to a type of sergeant major)
Pte. – Private

Q.M.S. – Quartermaster Sergeant

R. Bde. – Rifle Brigade
R. Sigs. – Royal Signals
R.A. – Royal Artillery
R.A.C. – Royal Armoured Corps
R.A.M.C. – Royal Army Medical Corps
R.A.O.C. – Royal Army Ordnance Corps
R.A.S.C. – Royal Army Service Corps
R.E. – Royal Engineers
R.E.M.E. – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
R. Ir. R. – this may be the Royal Irish Rifles (although they became the Royal Ulster Rifles in January 1921)
R.O. – Radiotelephone Operator
R.U. Rif. – Royal Ulster Rifles
R.W.F. – Royal Welch Fusiliers

Rfn. – Rifleman

S.W.B.– South Wales Borders
S. Staff – (unit name, full name unknown)
Sgm./Sgmn. – Signalman
Sgt. – Sergeant
Sjt. – Serjeant (a variant of sergeant)
Spr. – Sapper

Tpr. – Trooper

W.G. – Welsh Guards
Welsh – may also refer to the Welsh Guards


The Alphabetical List—British Soldiers C–F

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alphabetical-list-sm-r72

In “The Alphabetical List—British Soldiers A–B” I explained how in 2013 researcher Brian Sims gave me access to a booklet entitled Italy: Imperial Prisoners of War Alphabetical List, Section 1, British Army.

The Alphabetical List contains the names of thousands of British prisoners of war interned in Italian camps, apparently compiled in 1942 or the spring of 1943.

Below is a list of soldiers C–F who were documented as P.G. 59 internees.

A key to acronyms and abbreviations follows the list.

Page 26
Cade, J. W. – Gnr. – 1433324 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Cahill, P. – Tpr. – 3597294 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cairns, G. F. – Tpr. 7887665 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Calder, R. – Drv. – T/17143 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Caldwell, G. – Gnr. – 1438906 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Cameron. N. W. – Cpl. – T/128221 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Cammack, H. M. – Gnr. – 1504725 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 27
Cannon, W. E. – Tpr. – 310798 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cannon, F. C. – Pte. – 5507161 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Card, J. F. – Pte. – T/87649 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Cardew, C. E. – Sgt. – 5334982 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Carey, J. H. – Cpl. – 5569678 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Carlile, A. – L/Cpl. – 7887425 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Carr, B. – Drv. – 1498710 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Carre, E. – Drv. – T/107828 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Carter, J. – Gnr. – 1568749 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Carter, G.A. – Pte. – 5501865 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23

Page 28
Caselton, E.A. – Tpr. – 7916190 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cash, G. H. – Gnr. – 494037 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Cashman, J. – Gnr. – 1138649 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Cass, E. – Gnr. – 932138 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Catchpole, W. E. A. – Pte. – 4393035 – Gn. How. – R.O. No. 20
Cato, D. E. – Pte. – T/178963 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Cavanagh, L. – Gnr. – 964741 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Cawley, T. – Gnr. – 964005 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Chalkley, G. J. – Pte. – 5952890 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Chapman, R. – Gnr. – 940885 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 29
Chapman, G. W. – P.S.M. – 6284978 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23
Charles, G. E. – Drv. – T/172649 – R.A.S.C.– R.O. No. 29
Chessell, A. – Pte. – 7264690 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Chilton, F. – Gnr. – 1432902 – R.A. – R.O. No.6
Chivers, S. A. – Tpr. – 7909731 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Christie, R. D. – L/Bdr. – 1085435 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Church, E. F. C. – Pte. – 6149306 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Churcher, R. C. – Pte. – Pte. – 6145252 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Clack, L. H. – Cpl. – 5496127 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23

Page 30
Claricoats, G. H. – Tpr. – 7910094 – R.A.C. – R.O. No.3
Clark, J. F. – Drv. – T/136722 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Clark, W. – Cpl. – 318423 – R.A.C. – R.O. No.3
Clark, K. J. – Gnr. – 910828 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Clark, D. W. – Sgm. – 2586429 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Clarke, G. H. – Tpr. – 420554 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Clarke, H. J. – L/Bdr. – 802715 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Clarke, V. E. – Pte. – 6148727 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Clayton, E. – Bdr. – 815454 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Clayton. F. E. – L/Cpl. – 6140555 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Clayton, S. – Tpr. – 7911622 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 31
Clews, C. S. – Rfm. – 6916312 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Cliffe, W. – Pte. – 4806856 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Clinton, J. – Tpe. – 319442 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cole, E. S. – Pte. – 5502781 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Cole, C. A. N. – Pte. – S/107140 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 32
Condron, E. C. – Tpr. – 4807661 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Connolly, C. – Tpr. – 553769 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Connolly, T. – Pte. – 2935232 – Cam. H. – R.O. No. 16
Constable, E. E. – Gnr. – 860182 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Cooke, J. H. – Tpr. – 320779 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cooke, C. – Tpr. – 773277 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 33
Cookson, C. K. – Dvr. – T/107764 –R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Coombes, V. – Gnr. – 889314 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Corser, R. – Pte. – 842487 – A.A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Cory, J. G. – Rfm. – 6010372 – R.U. Rif. – R.O. No. 17

Page 34
Coupe, T. – Tpr. – 7888670 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Cox, L. – Sgt. – 863026 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Cox, V. H. J. – Pte. – 7017233 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45

Page 35
Crawford, G. A. – Tpr. – 7925716 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Creese, K. R. – L/Sgt. – 553798 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Creighton, F. A. – Dvr. – T/174857 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Creighton, F. – Pte. – 3252425 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Cross, M. A. C. – Sgm. – 2578825 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Crouch, E. E. – Dvr. – 889399 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 36
Cumner, R. A. – Tpr. – 6086361 – R.A.C. – R.O. No.3
Cunningham, S. – Dvr. – 190011 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Curtis, A. – Dvr. – 231319 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Dakin, A. – L/Bdr. – 1034111 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 37
Dalton, J. – Sgt. – 7883309 – R.A.C. – R.O. No.3
Dance, H. – Cpl. – 65538 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Dan, W. T. – Tpr. – 7937539 – R.A.C. R.O. No. 3
Davies, J. – Gnr. – 1074052 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Davies, J. W. H. – Pte. – 1796065 – S.W.B. – 22

Page 38
Davies, R. D. – Gdsm. – 2734997 – W.G. – R.O. No. 15
Davison, W. M. – Dvr. – T/198931 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Davison, G. N. – Gnr. – 1433486 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Dawson, A. V. – Pte. – 2938088 – Cam. H. – R.O. No. 16

Page 39
Deakin, A. G. – Drv. – T/191370 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Dean, R. – Spr. – 2019698 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Dean, C. W. – Rfm. – 6922159 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Dean, B. – Q.M.S. – 7585627 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32
Dearnley, W. – Sgt. – 4275091 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Densley, E. F. G. – Drv. – 189806 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No.29
Devine, A. – Gnr. 953612 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 40
Dickson, R. S. – Gdsm. – 2659701 – C.G. – R.O. No. 12
Dickson, R. J. – Gnr. – 890150 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 41
Doney, M. W. – Bdr. – 929729 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Dorward, G. H. – Sgt. – 3605492 – Bord. – R.O. No. 18
Douglas, A. – L/Cpl. – T/150993 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Douglas, G. – Drv. – T/208262 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Douglas, D. T. A. – Bdr. – 930968 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Downing, W. – Gnr. – 1098836 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Dowson, K. R. – Tpr. – 4537537 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 5
Doyle, R. V. – Fus. – 7047770 – R. Ir. R. – R.O. No. 17
Drabwell, E. C. – Drv. – 165005 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 42
Drew, E. J. P. – Tpr. – 7887281 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Drum, J. – Pte. – 2935633 – Cam. H. – R.O. No. 16
Dryhurst. J. – Drv. – 182844 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Duckworth, J. – Gnr. – 1500051 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Duff, N. K. – Rfn. – 6846122 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Duffy, J. – Pte. – 2937918 – Cam. H. – R.O. No. 16
Duncan, W. D. – Cpl. – 3251703 – Camns. – R.O. No. 16
Dunn, L. – L/Cpl. – 549924 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 5
Dunn, S. T. – Tpr. – 7908395 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Dunton, S. W. – Rfn. – 6916874 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24

Page 43
Dye, F. A. – Spr. – 2116804 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Dyer, H. J. – Dvr. – T/202229 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Eaton, F. E. E. – Sgt. – 70765 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Eddy, M. M. – Gdsm. – 2659621 – C.G. – R.O. No. 12
Edminson, R. W. – Cpl. – 4451805 – D.L.I. – R.O. No. 20

Page 44
Edwards, E. V. – Pte. – 2059647 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Egerton, P. T. – Sgm. – 6397716 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Eglash, I. – Pte. – 1092726 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Eley, W. – C.S.M. – 6281192 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23
Elliott, S. – Pte. – 6014756 – Essex – R.O. No. 23

Page 45
Etherington, J. A. W. – L/Bdr. – 1601652 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Evans, G. E. – Gnr. – 986328 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Evans, R. P. – L/Sgt. – 6284269 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23

Page 46
Farham, W. – Pte. – 5048692 – S. Staff – R.O. No. 19
Farmer, S. A. – Pte. – 3969289 – Welsh – R.O. No. 22
Farmer, T. – Sgt. – 5497403 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Fee, W. J. – Gdsm. – 2611481 – C.G. – R.O. No. 11
Fender, G. K. H. – Pte. – 6016646 – Essex – R.O. No. 21

Page 47
Ferris, H. P. E. – Tpr. – 7886783 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Ferry, T. – Pte. – 59717 – H.L.I – R.O. No. 16
Ferry, H. – Pte. – 2058005 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
File, M. J. – Dvr. – 2329402 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Fisher, W. J. – Cpl. – 5503075 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Fisher, W. C. – L/Cpl. – 7637460 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Fishwick, N. C. – Gnr. – 835324 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 48
Fletcher, J. T. – Pte. – T/172960 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Fletcher, J. E. L. – L/Sgt. – 1893370 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Flutter, T. – Pte. – 7360167 –R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Ford, J. T. – Gnr. – 1669218 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Forster, J. – Pte. – 7360122 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Foster, A. – Pte. – 4915479 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32

Page 49
Fox, J. E. – Sjt. – 7518527 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Freelove, J. – Sgm. – 2328426 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Freeman, F. C. – Pte. – 5503772 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
French, G. T. – Rfn. – 6969194 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24

Page 50
Frost, C. – Dvr. – 2578944 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10

Acronyms and Abbreviations

A. & S.H. – Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
A.A.C. – Army Air Corps
A.A.A.C. – Australian Army Aviation Corps
A.D.C. – This is an acronym for a unit name, possibly the Royal Army Dental Corps (R.A.D.C.)

B. & H. – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
B.S.M. – Battery Sergeant-Major
Bk. Watch – Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)
Bord. – Border Regiment
Brig. – Brigadier
Buffs – Royal East Kent Regiment (“The Buffs”)

C.G. – Coldstream Guards
C.S.M. – Company Sergeant Major
Cam. H.– Cameron Highlanders
Camns. – it seems likely this also refers to the Cameron Highlanders
Capt. – Captain
Cfn./Cfm. – Craftsman
Cpl. – Corporal

D.L.I. – Durham Light Infantry
Drv. – Driver
Dvr/i/c – Driver (meaning of i/c unknown)

E. Surr – East Surrey Regiment
Essex – Essex Brigade

Fus. – Fusilier

Gdsm. – Guardsman
Gn. How. – (unit name, full name unknown)
Gnr. – Gunner

Hamp. – Hampshire Regiment

K.R.R.C. – King’s Royal Rifle Corps

L/Bdr. – Lance Bombardier
L/Cpl. – Lance Corporal

P.S.M. – (rank unknown, may refer to a type of sergeant major)
Pte. – Private

Q.M.S. – Quartermaster Sergeant

R. Bde. – Rifle Brigade
R. Sigs. – Royal Signals
R.A. – Royal Artillery
R.A.C. – Royal Armoured Corps
R.A.M.C. – Royal Army Medical Corps
R.A.O.C. – Royal Army Ordnance Corps
R.A.S.C. – Royal Army Service Corps
R.E. – Royal Engineers
R.E.M.E. – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
R. Ir. R. – this may be the Royal Irish Rifles (although they became the Royal Ulster Rifles in January 1921)
R.O. – Radiotelephone Operator
R.U. Rif. – Royal Ulster Rifles
R.W.F. – Royal Welch Fusiliers

Rfn. – Rifleman

S.W.B.– South Wales Borders
S. Staff – (unit name, full name unknown)
Sgm./Sgmn. – Signalman
Sgt. – Sergeant
Sjt. – Serjeant (a variant of sergeant)
Spr. – Sapper

Tpr. – Trooper

W.G. – Welsh Guards
Welsh – may also refer to the Welsh Guards


A Letter of Tribute to Andrea Scattini

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uguccione-scattini_r72

In a letter written after the death of Andrea Scattini, Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello (Bourbon del Monte) pays tribute to his comrade’s heroism and strength of character.

Following a transcript in Italian—immediately below—is the text of the letter translated into English by Luigi Donfrancesco, Andrea’s nephew.

21 marzo 1946. Nel dopoguerra il Tenente Uguccione Ranieri (di Sorbello) Bourbon Del Monte, al quale nel frattempo è stata conferita la Medaglia d’Argento, dal suo domicilio di Roma in Via Due Macelli 31, indirizza alla Commissione per il Riconoscimento della Qualifica di Partigiano di Ancona una relazione nella quale descrive l’opera del suo collaboratore Andrea Scattini durante la guerra di liberazione:

“E’ mio dovere segnalare a codesta Commissione l’opera di un mio collaboratore, Andrea SCATTINI, morto l’8 marzo 1944 nella guerra di liberazione.

L’8 settembre 1943, fuggito dai Tedeschi a Cento (Ferrara) dove prestavo servizio, riuscii a raggiungere Termoli, allora appena liberata, dove – previo assenso del nostro Comando di Stato Maggiore – presi servizio in un Comando inglese i cui compiti, di natura riservata, si svolgevano dietro le linee in territorio nemico.

Mi si chiese di arruolare a mia discrezione un gruppo di Italiani da condurre con me in una di queste missioni. Scelsi così, tra i giovani più adatti e meglio disposti che in quei giorni giungevano attraverso le linee: Andrea Scattini, Ermanno Finocchi, Fausto Simonetti, Augusto Ruffo ed altri, tutti oggi periti per azioni di guerra. Fui assai fortunato per la scelta, per lo Scattini non meno che per gli altri.

Prima di partire per la missione principale allo Scattini fu affidata una missione breve che egli portò a termine brillantemente dietro le linee in tre giorni e tre notti di marce senza sonno con l’aiuto di una forte dose di benzedrina.

Ripartii per mare con lo Scattini ed altri in una notte di novembre e sbarcai nelle vicinanze di Cupra Marittima. Là giunto inviai in varie direzioni gli uomini ai miei ordini. Lo Scattini assolse con la dovuta meticolosità e prontezza i suoi compiti. Avendo io dovuto nel frattempo ritornare a Termoli, lo trovai sempre fedele al suo posto al mio ritorno nelle Marche il mese seguente. Gli affidai immediatamente altri e più gravi compiti che egli assolse puntualmente.

Essendosi ormai reso quasi impossibile per il sopravvenuto inverno il viaggio a Termoli per mare, mi trovai nella necessità di dovervi inviare qualcuno a piedi attraverso le linee per portare delle carte e piani che non potevano essere inviati per radio. Scelsi lo Scattini.

Anche questa volta la fortuna e il suo inesauribile spirito d’iniziativa lo assistettero ed egli giunse felicemente.

In febbraio (1944) il mio Comando di Termoli mi rimandò di nuovo lo Scattini – questa era la sesta volta che egli attraversava le linee – con importanti comunicazioni. Purtroppo, quasi subito dopo il suo arrivo egli rimase vittima in una notte buia di un tragico equivoco quando lo raggiunse la fucilata di un partigiano locale che lo aveva scambiato per un nemico. (Nota. Quindi neanche Uguccione si è reso conto di come siano andate realmente le cose).
Devo precisare che allo Scattini ho sempre affidato non solo i compiti più rischiosi, ma anche – sebbene all’8 settembre egli fosse solo un soldato di Sanità – compiti che per decisione e prestigio non si potevano dare che a un Ufficiale. Egli infatti ebbe in vari periodi il comando di interi settori della nostra organizzazione con piena autorità su altri elementi minori.

Per ardimento, per fedeltà al compito assunto e all’idea che glielo fece volontariamente assumere, per sereno e ilare sprezzo del pericolo, l’Italia può aver avuto combattenti uguali, non migliori dello Scattini.

Alla sua memoria è dovuto ogni riconoscimento dalla Patria finalmente libera da un terribile male e – speriamo – non immemore”.

Firmato:
Uguccione Ranieri Bourbon del Monte
Tenente di Complemento, Medaglia d’Argento

Apprendiamo dalla relazione di Uguccione che Andrea Scattini aveva attraversato il fronte almeno 6 volte: rischiando ogni volta, in caso di cattura, brutali interrogatori con le più atroci torture e poi fucilazione.

Translated into English:

From: Via Due Macelli 31 – Rome
March 21, 1946
To: Committee for Recognition of Partisan Qualification
ANCONA

It is my duty to report to this Committee the work of my collaborator Andrea SCATTINI, who died on March 8, 1944 in the war of liberation.

On September 8, 1943 I was serving [in the Italian Army] in Cento (Ferrara). I had fled the Germans and was able to reach Termoli [on the Adriatic coast], then just liberated. With assent of our Army Command, I took service in a British Commando, whose functions—of a confidential nature—were taking place behind the lines in enemy territory.

I was asked to enlist, at my discretion, a group of Italians to accompany me on one of these missions. I chose from among the most suitable and willing young men who in those days had come through the lines: Andrea SCATTINI, Ermanno FINOCCHI, Fausto SIMONETTI, Augusto RUFFO, and others—all now dead by acts of war. I was very lucky in the choice of SCATTINI, no less than for the others.

Before leaving for the main mission, SCATTINI was entrusted with a brief mission, which he carried out brilliantly behind the lines in 3 days and 3 nights in the Marche without sleep, due to the help of a strong dose of Benzedrine.

I started by sea with SCATTINI and others on a November [1943] night and landed near Cupra Marittima (Ascoli Piceno, Marche). Having arrived there, I sent in various directions the men under my command.

SCATTINI performed his tasks with necessary thoroughness and promptness. Meantime I had to go back to Termoli, and when I returned to the Marche the following month, I found him ever faithful in his place. I immediately entrusted to him other and more serious tasks, which he carried out exactly.

As winter made it almost impossible to reach Termoli by sea, I found it would be necessary to send someone on foot through the lines to bring maps and plans that could not be sent by radio. I chose SCATTINI. This time too, good fortune and his inexhaustible spirit of initiative helped him, and he arrived safely.

In February (1944), my Command in Termoli sent SCATTINI back to me—this was the sixth time he had crossed the lines—with important communications. Unfortunately, almost immediately after his arrival, he was the victim in a dark night of a tragic error, when he was reached by the shot of a local partisan who had mistaken him for an enemy.

I must point out that I always entrusted to SCATTINI not only the riskiest tasks, but also—even though on September 8 he was just a soldier in the Medical Corps—tasks that for decisiveness and prestige would only be entrusted to an Officer. In fact, he held at various times the command of whole sectors of our organization with full authority over other subordinate members.

For daring, for faithfulness to the charge taken and to the ideal that made him voluntarily take it, for calm and cheerful disregard of danger, Italy may have had combatants equal to, but not better than, SCATTINI.

To his memory is due recognition by his Country, which is finally free from a terrible evil and—we hope—not unmindful [of his sacrifice].

In faith,
Uguccione RANIERI Bourbon del Monte
Adjunct Lieutenant, Silver Medal

scattini-medicina_r72

This memorial card for Andrea Scattini reads, “Scattini Andrea di Vincenzo / Studente in Medicina / nato a San Vito Chietino il 17-5-1917 / morto a Force l’8-3-1944” [Student of Medicine / born in San Vito Chietino on May 17, 1917 / died in Force on March 8, 1944].

For more on Andrea Scattini, see “Andrea Scattini—Youthful I.S.9 Agent.”

For more on Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello, see “I.S.9 Captain Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello.”


“Don Carlo”—The Unknown Hero

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I.S.9 agent, partisan leader, and Catholic priest Don Domenico Orlandini “Don Carlo” in the uniform of a military chaplain of the Italian Army, 1945

Several posts on this site concern Italians who, during the war, served as agents for I.S.9 (Intelligence School 9)—also known as “A” Force.

I.S.9′s chief mission was support and rescue of escaped POWs and evaders (E&Es) stranded behind enemy lines. I.S.9 was a division of M.I.9 (British Directorate of Military Intelligence, Section 9), a department of the War Office during WW II.

Last year researcher Brian Sims sent me a series of I.S.9 agent files from the British National Archives. Among the files, Don Domenico Orlandini’s lacks details contained in many of the others—parents, birthplace and residence, educational background, and so on. It does identify him as a priest, and offers this colorful description: “Fair. Medium build. Eyes deep-set. Very active & alert. High-pitched voice. (Smokes, drinks, gambles).”

See “I.S.9 Italian Agents, Part 4.”

Until recently, that was all I knew of Don Domenico. But recently two Italian authors wrote to me with further details.

The first writer, Giuseppe Giovanelli, knew Don Domenico Orlandini personally and lived with him for many years. Giuseppe said the two of them agreed to record Don Domenico’s memoirs of the war. Then, unexpectedly, Don Domenico died in 1977.

After that, Giuseppe wrote a full biography, which was published in 1983.

According to Giuseppe, after the war ended the British decorated Don Domenico with the Victoria Cross. In September 1945, Don Domenico was hired as a military chaplain, a post he held for one year. Then he worked as a journalist and from 1947 until the end of his life he was a parish priest.

giovanelli-don-carl_r72

The cover of Giuseppe Giovanelli’s Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: prete e comandante partigiano [Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: Priest and Partisan Commander]
Ed. Alpi-APC (Associazione Liberi Partigiani Italiani)
Reggio Emilia, 2013

doncarlo-gianotti_r72

The second contact, Italian journalist Giancarlo Giannotti, has published a biography of Don Domenico, entitled Il Memoriale di “Don Carlo” L’eroe Sconosciuto [The Memoire of “Don Carlo” The Unknown Hero].

Sections of it can be read on Giancarlo’s website: www.giancarlogiannotti.it, and you can find more information about Don Domenico on Facebook: “Il Memoriale Di Don Carlo, L’eroe Sconosciuto.”

Below is a chapter from Giuseppe Giovanelli’s Don Domenico Orlandini “Carlo”: prete e com andante partigiano.

This chapter describes Don Domenico’s duo roles as I.S.9 agent and partisan leader.

According to this account, Don Domenico’s I.S.9 nom de guerre was “Carlo Coletta,” hence he is referred to frequently in the narrative as Don Carlo.

The original Italian text alternates with translation into English. I am grateful to Maurizio Bianchi for his kind offer to correct my rough translation.

«L’8 settembre iniziai la vita del fuorilegge…»

“On September 8 the life of outlaws began…”

Il 25 luglio 1943, caduta di Mussolini, apre la speranza a una nuova stagione di libertà. Si smobilita l’apparato fascista, si costituiscono nuovi partiti (Democrazia Cristiana, socialisti, liberali, comunisti) che, riuniti in un “Comitato del Fronte nazionale”, il 3 settembre 1943 vengono ufficialmente ricevuti dal prefetto Renato Vittadini. Dell’evento dà notizia anche il quotidiano locale Il Tricolore (ex Il solco fascista) il 3 settembre {1}.

On July 25, 1943 the fall of Mussolini opened the hope for a new era of freedom. It demobilized the fascist apparatus, and new parties (Christian Democrats, socialists, liberals, and communists) gathered in a “Committee of the National Front.” On September 3, 1943 they were officially received by the prefect Renato Vittadini. The event also provided news for the local newspaper The Tricolore (The former “Fascist furrow”) on September 3. {1}

La speranza di don Carlo e dei suoi amici è quella di una rivolta politica che, cacciati i tedeschi dall’Italia con l’indispensabile aiuto dell’Esercito, restituisca la pace all’Italia. Il «che cosa fare» dopo la guerra diventa un tema dominante nelle discussioni degli antifascisti e del mondo cattolico in particolare. Proprio su quel tema il 30 maggio si era tenuto a Felina un convegno (clandestino nella sua parte politica), organizzato dal tenente cappellano don Sergio Pignedoli (il futuro cardinale), con la partecipazione del vescovo Brettoni, di numerosi parroci del Castelnovese, dei principali responsabili della nascente Democrazia Cristiana.

The hope of Don Carlo and his friends was for a political revolt that would chase the Germans from Italy, with the indispensable help of the Army, and for return of peace to Italy. “What to do” after the war became a dominant theme in discussions between anti-fascists and the Catholic world in particular. That was precisely the topic of a conference held in Felina on May 30 (illegal in his political part), organized by lieutenant chaplain (later cardinal) don Sergio Pignedoli, with the participation of Bishop Brettoni [the bishop of Reggio Emilia], many parish priests of Castelnovo ne’ Monti area, and major leaders of the emerging Christian Democrats.

Ma ancora una volta la speranza deve fare i conti con gli imprevisti della realtà. Le trattative del generale Castellano, rese note l’8 settembre, infatti, anziché portare l’Esercito ad affiancare gli angloamericani, portano alla sua totale improvvisa dissoluzione.

But, once again, hope was forced to terms with unexpected reality. The negotiations of General Castellano, announced on September 8th, rather than bringing the Army to support the Anglo-Americans, in fact lead to its total sudden dissolution.

La “via delle canoniche”

The “way of the rectories”

Don Carlo si trovava quella sera a Montecchio, in uno dei suoi periodici contatti con gli amici antifascisti. Ecco che cosa vede:

On that evening Don Carlo was in Montecchio at one of his routine contacts with antifascist friends. Here is what he saw:

«Quella sera a Montecchio dormii in casa di certi Golinelli che abitavano sulla piazza. Ma non dormimmo. In paese si trovava accantonato un battaglione di tedeschi {2} i quali, dopo un primo sbigottimento, presero a scorrazzare da padroni. Dalla finestra assistemmo al disarmo dei carabinieri, mentre un’autocolonna si dirigeva verso Montechiarugolo per prendere possesso di un campo di internati civili alleati che si trovava in quel castello. Ma il direttore del campo poté farne fuggire una buona parte e mettersi in salvo anche lui.

“That night I slept in Montecchio in the house of a certain Golinelli who lived on the square. But I had not slept. In the next village a battalion of Germans {2} who, after an initial astonishment, began to patrol around the land as masters. From the window we watched the disarming of the police, while a convoy headed for Montechiarugolo to take control of a camp of interned Allied civilians who happened to be in that castle. However, the director of the camp was able to make a good deal and they fled to safety with him.

Appena giorno, in bicicletta e per vie traverse, mi diressi verso San Polo e da lì, per Rossena-Casina, potei tornarmene indisturbato a casa. Si aprì quel giorno un nuovo capitolo nella mia vita. Iniziai la vita del fuorilegge»

As soon as it was day, I biked in a roundabout way toward San Polo, and from there to Rossena-Casina, and I was able to reach home unharmed. That day a new chapter in my life opened. I began the life of an outlaw.”

Uscendo da Montecchio, fa in tempo a vedere un manifesto con il quale il pro-prefetto Guerriero, avverte che l’esercito tedesco ha preso il controllo della provincia e minaccia la pena di morte a chi oserà turbare l’ordine pubblico o compiere atti di sabotaggio.

Leaving Montecchio, [Don Carlo] had time to see a poster in which the pro-prefect Guerriero warns that the German army has taken control of the province, and he threatens death to those who dare to disturb public order or carry out acts of sabotage.

E sul comportamento dei Tedeschi c’è un episodio, riferibile a quei mesi, che lo stesso vescovo Brettoni narra a un esponente locale del governo fascista e che, per il contesto in cui viene riportato, dice una aperta amabilità del vescovo verso don Carlo:

And regarding the conduct of the Germans, there was an episode during those months when the same Bishop Brettoni talked to a local member of the fascist government and that, due to the way in which it was conveyed, shows the Bishop to regard Don Carlos with great affection:

«Gli ho accennato che uno dei capi [partigiani], Carlo, è un nostro sacerdote. Gli ho narrato l’occasione che lo rese avverso ai tedeschi, quando cioè esso veniva in bicicletta da Castelnovo Sotto a Reggio e s’incrociò con un camion tedesco con soldati SS; uno dei quali con un grosso bastone volle colpirlo mentre passava, ma non riuscì perché don Orlandini (Carlo) accortosi della mossa virò rapidamente e fu fuori di tiro. Mi raccontava egli stesso che il colpo era dato con tanta virulenza che se lo raggiungeva l’avrebbe ucciso. Il camion seguitò la sua corsa come se nulla fosse; qualora fosse accaduta la morte del povero prete l’avrebbero trovato giacente e nessuno avrebbe saputo nulla» {3}.

“I mentioned that one of the [partisan] leaders, Carlo, is a priest of ours. I recounted the occasion when he was challenged by the Germans, which was when he was cycling from Castelnovo Sotto to Reggio and he met a German truck carrying SS soldiers; one of them attempted to hit him with a big stick while he passed, but he could not succeed because Don Orlandini (Carlo), realizing the swipe was coming, quickly swerved clear of it. He told me that thestroke was sent with such virulence that if it had reached him it would have killed him. The truck continued on its trip as if nothing had happened; if the poor priest had been killed, people would have found him lying there and no one would have known what had happened.” {3}

Le strade della montagna reggiana si riempiono di gente stracciata, scalza, affamata. Sono i soldati di quell’Esercito che doveva cacciare i Tedeschi e che, gettate armi e divise, cercano di ritornare alle proprie famiglie. In mezzo a loro anche numerosi prigionieri di guerra alleati i quali, fuggiti dai campi di concentramento abbandonati dalle guardie italiane, cercano di raggiungere il Sud, incontro alle armate britanniche e americane che, conquistata la Sicilia, di apprestano a risalire la Penisola.

The reggiana mountain roads were full of people who were ragged, barefoot, and hungry. They were the soldiers of the army that had to drive out the Germans and who, shed of weapons and uniforms, were then trying to return to their families. Among them were many Allied prisoners of war who had fled from concentration camps abandoned by the Italian guards, and were trying to reach the South to meet the British and American armies that had conquered Sicily and were preparing to move up the peninsula.

Camminano di notte, attraverso campi e boschi per sfuggire alla caccia dei Tedeschi, trasformatisi immediatamente da alleati in padroni. Uno spettacolo umiliante per come sono ridotti i soldati italiani; pietoso per gli ex prigionieri, ignari della lingua e del territorio italiano che tendono inizialmente a nascondersi in attesa di trovare una via di salvezza.

They walked at night, through fields and woods, to escape the hunting Germans, who had instantly turned from allies into masters. [It was] a humiliating spectacle for those who had become Italian soldiers; pitiful for former prisoners [who were] ignorant of the language and of the Italian territory where they initially had sought to hide in order to await salvation.

È allora che sulla montagna reggiana si apre quella che, anni dopo, gli storici della Resistenza chiameranno la “via delle canoniche”, cioè delle case dei parroci, dove i fuggiaschi sanno che, sotto il campanile, possono trovare un aiuto sicuro: ristoro, rifugio, indicazioni per proseguire il viaggio.

It is then that the reggiana mountain opened what, years later, historians of the Resistance would call the “way of the rectories,” that are, the priests’ houses, where the fugitives are aware that, under the bell tower, they could find a safe help: refreshments, shelter, directions for onward travel.

Aiutarli è pericolosissimo. Ciò nonostante, la casa di don Carlo, a Poiano, appare subito una delle più frequentate. A volte vi ci si ritrovano diciassette o diciotto uomini per volta. A tutti don Carlo procura ristoro, alloggio notturno. Lo aiutano la posizione defilata della sua canonica e la piena collaborazione dei famigliari tutti, dagli ormai anziani genitori Saturno e Desolina alle sorelle Annita e Giulia, impegnate a riattare abiti e preparare cibo, ai giovani di Poiano e dintorni che hanno già in lui un capo autorevole per saggezza e capacità operativa.

Helping them was very dangerous. Nevertheless, the house of Don Carlo, in Poiano, soon became one of the busiest. Sometimes one could find 17 or 18 men at a time there. For all Don Carlo procured refreshment and night accommodation. It helped that the rectory was secluded and that he had cooperation of all his family—his by now elderly parents Saturno and Desolina, and his sisters Annita and Giulia, who were committed to repair clothes and prepare food for the young people in and around Poiano who already had in [Don Carlo] a strong, wise leader.

Un aiuto particolare gli fornisce il fratello Giulio che, espletando il servizio militare come guardia nel campo di concentramento di Fossetta e familiarizzando con prigionieri inglesi, aveva imparato un po’ della loro lingua. Nei dintorni conoscono la sicurezza della canonica di don Carlo e gli inviano gli ex prigionieri in fuga che lui e Giulio accolgono, ristorano e aiutano ad avvicinarsi al Sud fornendo l’indirizzo delle altre canoniche, particolarmente quelle più isolate e perciò meno soggette a sguardi indiscreti: Minozzo, Febbio, Cervarolo e Gazzano (dove don Pigozzi e don Canovi nascondono i fuggitivi in fienili lontani dall’abitato), Tapignola, Fontanaluccia. Si tratta in gran parte di ufficiali fuggiti dai campi di concentramento di Milano, Fontanellato e Modena.

A particular help came from [Don Carlo’s] brother Giulio who, after completing his military service as a guard in the concentration camp of Fossetta, was familiar with English prisoners and had learned a bit of their language. Those nearby knew that the rectory of Don Carlo was a safe place and sent escaping former prisoners to him. He and Giulio welcomed them, helped them to rest, and helped them to move southward by providing the address of the other rectories, particularly those in the most remote areas that were less subject to prying eyes: Minozzo, Febbio, Cervarolo and Gazzano (where Don Pigozzi and Don Canovi hid fugitives in barns away from the town), Tapignola, Fontanaluccia. In large part these were officers who fled from the concentration camps in Milan, Modena, and Fontanellato.

In tutte le canoniche della diocesi, anche in quelle di pianura, il suo nome è un riferimento discreto. A Cànolo ha un collaboratore particolare in don Pasquino Borghi, già missionario nel Sudan Anglo-egiziano, nominato il 30 agosto parroco di Tapignola, dove salirà il 17 ottobre.

In all rectories of the diocese, even in those of the plains, [Don Carlo’s] name was a discreet reference. A Cànolo had a collaborator in particular in Don Pasquino Borghi, a former missionary in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, appointed on August 30 to parish priest of Tapignola, which he was to assume on October 17.

L’assistenza ai fuggiaschi e agli ex prigionieri alleati non lo distoglie dai contatti con la Resistenza che si sta organizzando in quel di Reggio e che, in montagna ha il suo riferimento principale nel professor Pasquale Marconi e nel suo ospedale dove il medico nasconde e cura sbandati e ricercati, fornisce loro false carte d’identità, li indirizza presso luoghi o persone che possano fornire ulteriore assistenza.

Assistance to refugees and former allied prisoners did not distract them from contacts with the resistance being organized in Reggio, and that in the mountains had, as its main resource, Professor Pasquale Marconi and his hospital, where the doctor hid and cared for fugitives, sought to provide them with counterfeit identity cards, and directed them to places or people where they could get further assistance.

Tutto questo impegno umanitario dei preti non sfugge all’opinione pubblica e, ancor meno al rinascente apparato fascista che lo bolla come ingerenza politica dei sacerdoti perché.

All this humanitarian work of the priests did not escape public notice, let alone the resurgent fascist system, which seethed as priests engaged in political interference.

«nei loro sermoni domenicali non si esimono di formulare espressioni prettamente politiche con chiare allusioni a persone, fatti e cose, dalle quali emana tutto il vigore antifascista di cui sono animati e l’odio per il Duce» {4}.

“Their Sunday sermons were not devoid of purely political expressions with clear allusions to people, events, and things from which grew an the anti-fascist drive and hatred for il Duce.” {4}

Coinvolto nella fondazione del CLN [Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale]

Involvement in the foundation of the CLN [National Liberation Committee]

La ricostituzione del partito fascista con sue bande armate rende ormai evidente una triste realtà: non sarà sufficiente un “mutamento” politico. La liberazione non potrà passare altro che attraverso una resistenza armata. In campo cattolico si pensa soprattutto ad opere di sabotaggio contro vie, linee telefoniche, automezzi, fornitura di materiali di sussistenza e simili da effettuarsi con bande partigiane. Ad ogni buon conto, sentendo dagli sbandati che in varie località sono state nascoste armi, don Carlo manda suo fratello e altri giovani a recuperarle e a nasconderle. Un’opera difficile e rischiosa che si svolge dalla provincia di Bologna a quella di Parma. Un prezioso carico di armi e munizioni giunge inatteso da Livorno portato a Poiano da un giovane del luogo, certo Ugo Caselli, in servizio militare di leva nella città portuale toscana. Dopo l’8 settembre, tranquillo tranquillo, carica un mulo di tutte le armi che la bestia può portare e, senza imprevisti – grazie all’oculatezza e all’astuzia di cui i giovani montanari sono capaci – se ne torna a casa.

The re-establishment of the Fascist Party with its armed bands made a sad reality clear: mere political “change” would be insufficient. Liberation could not be achieved except by way of armed resistance. In the Catholic world the main plan was for sabotage of roads, telephone lines, and vehicles; procurement of basic provisions and so on, to be carried out by partisan bands. In any event, feeling the disbanded in various places were hiding weapons, Don Carlo sent his brother and other young people to retrieve and hide them. It was difficult and risky work that took place from Bologna to Parma. A precious shipment of weapons and ammunition from Livorno arrived unexpectedly in Poiano, brought by a young local man, a certain Ugo Caselli, who was in military service in the port city of Tuscany. After September 8th, the weapons were transferred by mule—all that the beast could carry—without incident, thanks to the watchfulness of the shrewd young mountaineers.

Altre armi le raccoglie lui stesso, usando anche le più impensate astuzie, come ricorda don Alberto Camellini:

He collected other weapons himself, using even the most unlikely stratagems, as recalled by Don Alberto Camellini:

«Poco dopo l’8 settembre ho incontrato a Reggio don Carlo, di cui ero molto amico. Mi sono fermato a parlare con lui da Bizzocchi e ci chiedevamo che cosa fosse possibile fare. Don Carlo aveva una valigetta pesante con sé. Poco dopo mi chiede di accompagnarlo alla corriera perché sarebbe ritornato su in montagna. Fu allora che mi offersi io stesso di portargli quella valigetta, con la quale passammo davanti alla mitragliatrice che i tedeschi avevano piazzato sotto il portico delle Notarìe e puntato contro il comune. […]. E solo dopo mi disse che in quella valigetta c’erano delle bombe a mano…» {5}

“Shortly after September 8, I met in Reggio Emilia Don Carlo, who was a good friend of mine. I stopped to talk to him at Bizzocchi and we were wondering what we could possibly do. Don Carlo had a heavy suitcase with him. Shortly afterward he asked me to accompany him to the bus because he was about to return to the mountains. It was then that I offered to bring the case myself, with which we passed the machinegun that the Germans had placed on the portico of Notarìe and pointed at the comune. […]. And only afterward he said that in that in the suitcase there were three hand grenades…” {5}

Con il costituirsi del Comitato di Liberazione Nazionale (CLN) di Reggio, la cui prima seduta avviene nella sagrestia di San Francesco il 28 settembre, la lotta armata non è più un’ipotesi, ma un progetto che di ora in ora volge alla realizzazione. Don Carlo ne è ormai convinto. Come lui, lo è il professor Marconi, il quale, però, ha molti dubbi sull’opportunità che un prete diventi responsabile di una formazione militare. In più, come rappresentante di fatto del mondo cattolico, pone in sede di CLN una sola obiezione: che gli scopi della lotta siano raggiunti non «con qualunque mezzo», ma con precise regole per la salvaguardia della vita nel senso più lato, soprattutto di quella innocente e per dare un primo esempio di quella legalità alla quale il movimento patriottico aspira.

With the establishment of the Committee of National Liberation (CLN) of Reggio, its first meeting took place in the sacristy of San Francisco on September 28, the armed struggle was no longer a hypothesis, but a project that by the hour was coming to realization. Don Carlo was now convinced. However, like himself, Professor Marconi raised many doubts about a priest taking on responsibility for military group. In addition, as a representative of the Catholic world, he posed, regarding the CLN, one objection: that the central objectives were not to be met “by whatever means,” but with precise rules for the preservation of life in the broadest sense, especially for the innocent and to give the first example of the law to which the patriot movement aspired.

Non sarà un impegno da poco. Per don Carlo, che queste prime riunioni di settembre seguirà in modo diretto, anche se poche volte sarà presente di persona, e per i cattolici (in particolare per quelli della montagna) diventerà tanto importante che – non rispettato, come avremo modo di vedere – provocherà la costituzione della brigata Fiamme Verdi.

It would not be a light commitment. For the don, these first meetings in September (even though at times he was not personally in attendance), and for Catholics, particularly the mountain Catholics, [the agreed upon objectives] became so important—if not fully complied with, as we shall see—that they would result in the establishment of the Fiamme Verdi brigade.

Alla ricerca di un contatto con i comandi alleati

Looking for contact with the Allied commands

Un’altra convinzione si fa strada in don Carlo, anche grazie ai frequenti colloqui con don Pasquino Borghi: nessuna organizzazione partigiana può pensare di avere risultati militari e politici senza il coordinamento con gli angloamericani e senza il loro aiuto in armi e vettovagliamento. La convinzione, maturata nel contatto con gli ex prigionieri alleati in fuga verso il sud e facilitata – sicuramente – dalla loro sorpresa nel vedersi così ben accolti dalla popolazione, convince don Domenico e don Pasquino a lanciarsi in un progetto audace: attraversare le linee per recuperare i prigionieri alleati e trasferirli al Sud; ma, nello stesso tempo, prendere contatto con i comandi alleati per organizzare la resistenza al Nord.

Another position occurred to Don Carlo as a result of frequent talks with Don Pasquino Borghi: no partisan organization could think of achieving results without military and political coordination with the Allies, and without their aid with weapons and provisions. This conviction—which came about while he was in contact with former Allied prisoners fleeing toward the south and who, to their astonishment, were so well received by the population—inspired Don Domenico and Don Pasquino to embark on a bold project: to go through the lines to retrieve Allied prisoners and guide them to the south but, at the same time, to make contact with the Allies in order to facilitate resistance in the north.

Inizialmente non è chiaro chi dei due possa andare. Il piano piace molto agli “amici di Reggio”, tra i quali l’avvocato Pellizzi e altri del CLN; ma piace anche a due ex prigionieri, ufficiali di stato maggiore dell’Armata sudafricana, che, nel frattempo, don Carlo alloggia in casa sua. Essi gli scrivono una lettera di presentazione per i comandi alleati.

Initially, it is not clear which of them could go. The plan really favored the “Friends of Reggio,” including the lawyer Pellizzi and other CLN members; but it also showed preference for two former prisoners—staff officers of the South African Army—who were staying at the house of Don Carlo. The officers wrote him a letter of introduction to the Allied command.

Così don Carlo decide di partire e don Pasquino di continuare il lavoro organizzativo sul posto. Soltanto da poche settimane è stato nominato parroco a Tapignola. Un eventuale ritardo nel prenderne “possesso” darebbe troppo nell’occhio. Don Domenico, invece, non ha un vero e proprio vincolo parrocchiale a Poiano e, in più, ha fama d’uno che è spesso in giro. Questo gli lascia una più ampia libertà di movimento. Non che trascuri i suoi impegni pastorali; anzi, frequenta al massimo le parrocchie viciniori. Il 14 settembre, ad esempio, è a Gatta ad inaugurare la Scuola “Guido Barbetti” in sostituzione del vescovo.

So Don Carlo decided to leave and Don Pasquino continued organizational work locally. Only a few weeks earlier he had been appointed parish priest in Tapignola. Any delay in taking “possession” of that role would have drawn too much attention. Don Domenico, however, did not have an actual tie to the parish in Poiano and, in addition, had the reputation of one who was often on the road. This allowed him greater freedom of movement. He was not one to neglect his pastoral duties; indeed, he attended most of the neighboring parishes. On September 14, for example, at Gatta he inaugurated the “Guido Barbetti” school in place of the bishop.

Pur sapendo con quanta facilità avrebbe potuto lasciarci la pelle o, nel migliore dei casi, restare bloccato al Sud, decide comunque di tentare l’impresa perché il salvataggio degli ex prigionieri e l’avvio delle prime attività resistenziali restano in buone mani: non solo a don Pasquino, ma anche a don Venerio Fontana arciprete di Minozzo, a don Casotti parroco di Febbio e ai tanti altri preti che lo hanno finora aiutato senza tentennamenti: dal giovanissimo don Giuseppe Iemmi di Felina all’anziano don Pigozzi di Cervarolo.

Even knowing how easily he could die or, at best, remain stuck in the south, he decided to join the company because the rescue of former prisoners and the start of the first efforts for resistance would be in good hands: not only he would be serving with Don Pasquino, but also with Don Venerio Fontana, parish priest of Minozzo; Don Casotti, parish priest of Febbio; and many other priests who had until then helped without hesitation: the young Don Giuseppe Iemmi di Felina [and the] elderly Don Pigozzi di Cervarolo.

Il 4 ottobre, con il breviario sotto il braccio, in abito talare, se ne parte, non prima d’aver detto apertamente a tutti, in modo che se ne sparga la voce, che va in pellegrinaggio ad Assisi e a Loreto e che in parrocchia lo sostituisce il rettore di Gatta. Inizia, invece, nella clandestinità, la sua avventura di combattente; seguire quest’avventura ci è ora indispensabile per capire come egli intende la lotta al fascismo e come e perché, dopo aver collaborato generosamente con tutti i partigiani, riterrà necessario costituire le “Fiamme Verdi”.

On October 4, with his breviary under his arm and in clerical garb, he parted, not before he had said openly to all—so that they would spread the word—that he was going on a pilgrimage to Assisi and Loreto. In the parish he was replaced by the rector of Gatta. Instead, he beginning a clandestine adventure as a fighter. In pursuing this adventure it is now imperative for us to understand how he meant to fight fascism—how and why, after having worked generously with all the partisans, he deemed it necessary to form the “Fiamme Verdi” [the “Green Flame”].

Fra il 4 ottobre 1943 e il 10 aprile1944 il suo impegno è a diretto contatto con gli alleati e con due precisi obiettivi:

  • contribuire al recupero dei prigionieri alleati;
  • convincere gli alleati che c’erano italiani disposti a operare sul serio, al loro fianco, per liberare l’Italia da fascismo e nazismo; e quindi ottenere il loro supporto logistico e strategico a formazioni armate di “patrioti”.
  • Non è un obiettivo dai tempi brevi. Non è facile convincere uomini di comando e di politica, nemici fino al giorno prima, ai quali ogni giorno la radio italiana augurava la «stramaledizione» di Dio.

Between 4th October 1943 and 10th April 1944 [Don Carlo’s] commitment was to work directly with the Allies, and he had two specific objectives:

  • Contribute to the recovery of Allied prisoners;
  • Convince the Allies that there were Italians who were willing to work seriously alongside them to free Italy from fascism and nazism, and then to get their logistical support and strategic training for the armed “patriots.”

They were not easily achievable objectives. It would not be easy to win over those in control, who were political enemies just the day before and upon whom, each day, the Italian radio called for the “stramaledizione” [curse] of God.

A Guglionesi raggiunge gli Alleati

In Guglionesi reaches the Allies

Il viaggio verso il sud si svolge in un seguito di fatti nei quali il pericolo cresce di giorno in giorno con l’avvicinarsi della linea del fronte che, in quel frattempo, sta per giungere a Termoli. Egli deve perciò disporre l’animo a maggior audacia mettendo a frutto quelle doti di intelligenza e autocontrollo che non gli mancano e che, anzi, sono rese più acute dallo spirito di dedizione e di sacrificio a cui è stata improntata la sua formazione di uomo e di sacerdote.

The journey to the south was carried out in a state of danger that was growing daily as the front line advanced toward Termoli. [Don Carlo] must therefore be daring, capitalizing on his abundant gifts of intelligence and self-discipline—which, indeed, were rendered more sharp by the spirit of dedication and sacrifice that had been imprinted upon him through his training as man and priest.

In Montesilvano he encountered a German inspection of the railroad car in which he was fleeing; he felt it would be fine just to pretend to be asleep, but then he had to escape when Allied bombs began falling on the city. In Pescara and Francavilla he had a first encounter with a desolate, duo-destruction: the devastation of Allied aerial bombardment was compounded with that of German mines, which had been used to flatten everything to prevent an eventual Anglo-American landing.

In Montesilvano he encountered a German inspection of the railroad car in which he was fleeing; he felt it would be fine just to pretend to be asleep, but then had to escape when Allied bombs began falling on the enraged city. In Pescara and Francavilla he had a first encounter with a desolate, duo-destruction: the devastation of Allied aerial bombardment was compounded with that of German mines, which had been used to flatten everything so as to prevent an eventual Anglo-American landing.

A Lanciano, dov’è arcivescovo il reggiano monsignor Pietro Tesauri, impareggiabile educatore di giovani all’impegno religioso e civile, povero come un parroco di campagna, trova un primo saggio di quanto feroce sia la rappresaglia tedesca. Ma vede anche quanto monsignor Tesauri sia impegnato con i partigiani della banda locale “Trentino La Barba”, usando le sue stesse mani non per sparare, ma per soccorrere, curare, compiere ogni opera che opponesse l’amore all’odio, la carità alla ferocia, così da essere considerato da tutti “padre e fratello”. L’esempio del vescovo Tesauri, sicuramente, lo aiuta a superare non poche perplessità presenti e future.

At Lanciano, where the archbishop Monsignor Pietro Tesauri of Reggio lives, an unparalleled educator of young people in religious and civil commitment, as poor as a country priest, (don Carlo) faced how savage is German reprisals. But [Don Carlo] also understood that Monsignor Tesauri was committed to the partisans of the local band “Trentino La Barba,” by using his own hands not to shoot, but to rescue and treat, to oppose hate with love, fierce with charity, so as to be considered by all a “father and brother.” The example of Bishop Tesauri surely helped [Don Carlo] to overcome many present and future concerns.

Il 9 ottobre, a piedi, attraverso campi minati, guada il fiume Trigno, inseguito da raffiche di mitraglia. Si illude di trovare a Montenero gli alleati avanzanti. Vi trova invece le SS tedesche che lasciano entrare, ma non uscire, sparando a vista su chiunque lo tenti. Lui lo tenta, ci riesce rischiando la pelle e, a Guglionesi, raggiunge finalmente gli alleati.

On October 9, he travelled on foot through minefields, forded the river Trigno, followed by bursts of machine-gun fire, under the illusion he would meet the allies in Montenero. He encountered, however, the German SS, which was allowing people to pass in but not allowing them to exit [the occupied territory], shooting on sight anyone who tried. He tried, risking his skin, and in Guglionesi finally he reached the Allies.

Condannato all’immediata fucilazione

Sentenced to immediate firing squad

Al comando alleato di Divisione a Termoli, i suoi progetti per il recupero dei prigionieri angloamericani sono accolti con molto interesse. Ma lo gela la freddezza con cui ascoltano le proposte di costituire reparti partigiani. Non hanno alcuna fiducia negli italiani, nemmeno in quelli che, col re, si sono rifugiati a Brindisi. E perciò vanno molto cauti sull’idea di fornire loro delle armi che non sanno dove e contro chi possano sparare.

At the Allied command in Termoli, his plans for recovery of the Anglo-American prisoners were greeted with much interest. But there was a coolness when the Allies heard his proposals to set up partisan units. They had no confidence in Italians, even in those who, with the king, took refuge in Brindisi. And therefore they were very cautious in considering the idea of providing [Italians] with weapons, not knowing where and against whom they might use them.

Eppure deve convincerli. Ne va, prima che della sua missione, dell’Italia, che non può uscire dalla guerra senza aver dimostrato che ci sono ancora, soprattutto tra la gente comune, italiani capaci di costruirsi un futuro di libertà e di pace autentica. Solo così le armate alleate possono svolgere un ruolo effettivo di liberazione anziché di nuova occupazione, come teme la gente e come vuol far credere la propaganda fascista.

Yet he had to convince them. He went forward with his mission to ensure that Italy would not get out of the war without having established that there were still, especially among the common people, Italians who were capable of building a future of freedom and genuine peace. Only then could the Allied armies play an effective role of liberation instead of a new occupation, as fearful people and the fascist propaganda would have everyone believe.

Le avventure del viaggio potrebbero costituire una buona testimonianza. Ma il comando alleato vuol metterlo alla prova. Condotto a Termoli e assunto in forza dalla 14a Sezione della A’Force (reparto specializzato nel recupero dei prigionieri), viene condotto nella terra di nessuno, quella striscia lunga, larga, indefinita che costituisce il fronte.

The adventurous trip might have seemed a good assurance. But the Allied command wanted to test him. Conducted out of Termoli and engaged by A Force, Section 14 (the unit specialized in prisoner recovery), [Don Carlo] was led into no man’s land—the long, wide, ill-defined area that constituted the front.

Il suo compito, conosciuto solo all’ultimo minuto, è di scoprire e rilevare gli appostamenti tedeschi disegnandone, su un’apposita mappa, la dislocazione e la consistenza: carri armati, artiglierie, truppe. La linea da esplorare si estende per una decina di chilometri. Accetta la sfida: «Si trattava – scrive – di dimostrare qualcosa, non solo per me, ma anche per tutti coloro che, lassù al nord, erano decisi a muoversi sulla sola promessa che qualche aiuto non sarebbe mancato; ero sicuro che quei ragazzi avrebbero saputo riabilitare il buon nome degli Italiani».

His duty, explained only at the last minute, was to find and record German positions by tracing them on a special map, the location and makeup: tanks, artillery, and troops. The line to be explored extended for about ten kilometres. Accepting the challenge, he wrote, “It was to prove something, not only for myself but also for all those who, up north, were determined to move ahead knowing that some promise of assistance would not fail; I was sure those boys would be able to rehabilitate the reputation of the Italians.”

In tre giorni, dal 16 al 19 ottobre, porta a compimento il lavoro. Nel pomeriggio del 19 si accinge a ritornare quando scopre un gruppo di prigionieri alleati fuggiti che se ne stanno nascosti in un bosco, incerti e inesperti sul da farsi. Li convince a seguirli per rientrare nelle linee alleate, non appena calata la notte.

In three days, October 16–19, he completed the duty. On the afternoon of the 19th, as he was about to return, he discovered a group of escaped Allied prisoners who were hiding in the woods, inexperienced and unsure of what to do. He convinced them to follow him across the Allied line as soon as night fell.

Non è un ritorno semplice. Dapprima si trovano al centro di un intenso fuoco d’artiglieria che uccide uno di loro. Poi, arrivati fortunosamente in prossimità di una postazione alleata, proprio quando stanno per tirare il sospiro di sollievo, vengono sorpresi da un pattuglione tedesco. Don Domenico si lancia coraggiosamente contro i nemici urlando la loro parola d’ordine.

It was not a simple return. They first stumbled into the center of intense artillery fire, which killed one of them. Then, luckily, they arrived near an Allied position, but just as they were about to sigh with relief, they were surprised by a German patrol. Don Domenico rushed courageously against the enemies, shouting their password.

Il gesto consente ai prigionieri di fuggire e mettersi in salvo, ma lui viene catturato, caricato su di una motocarrozzetta, processato sommariamente e condannato a morte immediata. Fatti che appaiono come un semplice diversivo burocratico per gli ufficiali che la firmano; una scocciatura per l’ufficiale che la deve eseguire e che, fatto accomodare don Domenico sul sidecar con autista, gli si pone al fianco, sul sedile posteriore della motocicletta, con la pistola puntata. C’è altro da fare che accettare passivamente la morte?

This gesture allowed the prisoners to escape and reach safety, but he was captured, loaded on a motorcycle sidecar, and summarily tried and sentenced to immediate death. The facts seemed like a simple distraction, a bureaucratic course of action, for the officers that signed them; a nuisance to the officer that had to do it and yet for Don Domenico, made to sit in the sidecar while the driver stood behind his seat in the motorcycle, with the gun, was there nothing to do but passively accept death?

Don Domenico prega la Madonna di Bismantova (un famoso santuario della montagna reggiana). E, intanto, osserva con ostentata indifferenza. Nell’attimo in cui l’ufficiale depone la pistola fra le gambe per accendersi una sigaretta, giusto in corrispondenza di una curva che costeggia una ripida scarpata, si alza di scatto e, dopo aver scagliato un pugno nello stomaco dell’ufficiale, si lancia dal mezzo in corsa, rotola nella scarpata, corre, fugge con ogni forza.

Don Domenico prayed to the Madonna di Bismantova (whose famous shrine is in the Reggio Emilia mountains). Meanwhile, [the officer] looked on with ostentatious disregard. At the moment the officer placed the gun between his legs to light a cigarette, right at a bend that ran along a steep slope, [Don Domenico] leapt up and, throwing a punch to the officer’s gut, he sprang as if in a race, rolled down the slope, and escaped by all strength.

Prima che l’autista abbia fermato il sidecar e si sia tolto il mitra dalla posizione di armacollo, prima che Her Hauptman si sia ripreso dal dolore lancinante allo stomaco e insieme abbiano aperto il fuoco verso la scarpata, don Domenico è già fuori tiro. Grazie, Madonna di Bismantova!

By the time the driver had stopped the sidecar and was able to retreive his gun from where it was slung over his shoulder, [and] after Herr Hauptman had recovered from the stabbing pain to the stomach, together they opened fire towards the escarpment, [but] Don Domenico was already out of reach. Thanks to Madonna di Bismantova!

La notte lo aiuta. Alcune ore dopo, verso le nove del 19 ottobre, entra raggiante tra le fortificazioni del Comando alleato che, in quei tre giorni, si era trasferito una ventina di chilometri più all’interno, a Guglionesi. Lo guardano increduli. I prigionieri da lui salvati lo avevano già dato per morto. Ormai la sfida è vinta. Ha dimostrato che gli alleati possono avere fiducia in lui. Può sperare che discutano la proposta di aiuti per la costituzione di formazioni partigiane al Nord.

The night helped him. Hours later, at about nine o’clock on 19 October, beaming, he entered the fortifications of the Allied Command that, in those three days, had moved some twenty kilometres further inland, to Guglionesi. They looked at him in disbelief. The prisoners he saved had already given him up for dead. Now the challenge was won. He had shown the Allies that they could trust him and [he now] could hope to discuss the proposal for aid in the creation of partisan groups in the north.

Riparte, con la benedizione del vescovo

Again, with the bishop’s blessing

A Bari, presso il comando dell’VIII Armata Britannica, elabora un piano per il recupero a grande raggio dei prigionieri alleati, garantito dall’appoggio di mezzi aerei e navali. Per essere pronto ad attuarlo si sottopone a corsi accelerati (dieci giorni in tutto) di lancio col paracadute e di sbarco da mezzi navali; un addestramento militare che gli tornerà quanto mai utile nei due anni seguenti.

At the British Eighth Army command in Bari, a plan for recovering Allied prisoners from a larger area was prepared—a mission to be backed up by aircraft and naval support. In preparation, they carried out a 10-day accelerated course of parachuting and naval landings; it was a military training that would prove very useful over the next two years.

Approfitta delle poche ore di sosta per allacciare contatti: col maggiore Robertson di Radio Bari; con “Ercole Ercoli” che, ritenendolo comunista, gli fa numerose confidenze dalle quali apprende le reali finalità che il capo del comunismo vuole affidare alla lotta partigiana.

[Don Carlo] took advantage of the few hours of rest to make contacts with Major Robertson of Radio Bari, and with “Ercole Ercoli” [Palmiro Togliatti, one of the principal founders of the Italian Communist Party] who, as a communist, made numerous confidences from which [Don Carlo] learned the real aims the communist boss wanted to entrust to the partisan struggle.

Il primo novembre, assunto il nome di copertura di “Carlo Coletta”, col quale già lo abbiamo chiamato aggiungendo, per consuetudine successiva, il “don”, parte per la missione al Nord. Compito: risalire dalla costa abruzzese fino alla montagna piacentina individuando i gruppi di ex prigionieri alleati in attesa di recupero; prendere contatto con le formazioni partigiane che stanno creandosi qui e là e impartire loro particolari direttive per una futura collaborazione con gli Alleati.

On November 1st, taking the undercover name of “Carlo Coletta,”—a name we have already been calling him, and to which we have added the customary “don”—he left for his mission in the north. His task was to travel from the coast of Abruzzo to the mountains of Piacenza and find groups of former Allied prisoners who were awaiting recovery, and then to make contact with the partisan groups who are being formed here and there and to give them specific guidelines for future cooperation with the Allies.

Vengono sbarcati in sette. Alla fine della missione sopravviveranno soltanto in due: lui e certo conte Ranieri di Sorbello. Lo sbarco fra Grottammare e Cupra Marittima fa credere ai Tedeschi di essere dinnanzi a un attacco in forze e Radio Roma ne dà notizia proprio come se fosse stato tale. Così quel prete, di cui il comunicato dà notizia, viene individuato a Reggio – ed era proprio lui – per don Domenico Orlandini, “traditore” al soldo degli alleati e “agente provocatore comunista”. Del fatto si ha notizia anche da una cronaca dell’Avvenire d’Italia del 3 novembre.

Seven were landed. At the end of the mission only two survived: [Don Carlo] and one Count Ranieri di Sorbello. [See “I.S.9 Captain Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello.”] The landing between Grottammare and Cupra Marittima was to make the Germans to believe in a forceful attack, and Radio Rome informed as if this were the case. So the priest, who relates the news, was identified in Reggio as Don Domenico Orlandini, “traitor” in the pay of the Allies and a “communist agent troublemaker.” This was reported as a fact even in the chronicles of Avvenire d’Italia [Future of Italy] on November 3.

I colloqui col maggiore Robertson, trasmessi da Radio Bari (alleata), ripresi per scopi inversi da Radio Roma (nazifascista), congiuntamente al fatto che neppure “Ercole Ercoli” ha tenuto per sé quanto “Carlo” gli ha detto, provocano in Reggio la messa al bando di don Domenico: una taglia di 40.000 lire pende sul suo capo. Don Carlo lo scopre appena arriva a Reggio, il 3 novembre.

Talks with Major Robertson, broadcasted by Radio Bari (Allies), were mean to counter Radio Rome (Nazi-fascist), jointly with the fact that even “Ercole Ercoli” kept to himself what “Carlo” had said, resulting in a ban on Don Domenico in the Reggio and a 40,000 pound reward placed on his head. Don Carlo discovered this when he arrived at Reggio on November 3.

Sulla corriera per Casina, dove ha con sé uno zaino pieno di munizioni affidatogli dal conte Calvi, evita sorridendo una perquisizione della Milizia. Si nasconde a Poiano, ben protetto dai suoi “ragazzi”. Sfugge a tre tentativi di cattura da parte dei fascisti venuti a cercarlo a casa sua, dove in quei giorni si nasconde anche Arturo Pedroni che il CLN di Reggio ha inviato in montagna a raccogliere e organizzare i gruppi di sbandati. In uno dei tentativi di cattura vorrebbe ricambiare l’agguato e far fuori i fascisti. Non lo fa, benché il sangue gli corra forte nelle vene, e ne sarà contento. In seguito, ancor più, scoprirà il valore del risparmiare o salvare vite. Incontra anche Marconi e lo ragguaglia sui suoi incontri e sulla sua attività.

On the bus to Casina, carrying a rucksack filled with ammunition entrusted to him by Count Calvi, [Don Carlo] prevented a search by the militia by smiling. He hid in Poiano, which was well-protected by his “boys.” He escaped capture when the fascists came three times to look for him at his house. In those days Arturo Pedroni of the Reggio CLN, who had been sent to the mountains to collect and organize the groups of stragglers, was also hidden at the house. After one of the attempts at capture, reciprocation by ambush and killing of fascists was considered. This did not happen, although the blood ran strong in his veins, and [Arturo] would have been glad to have no revenge. Afterwards, he would discover the value of saving lives. He also met with Marconi and briefed him on [the CLN’s] meetings and activities.

All’apparenza, il primo viaggio può sembrare uno scacco. Gli alleati non si fidano ancora degli italiani, né di quelli dell’Italia liberata, né di quelli che al Nord dicono di volersi opporre a fascisti e tedeschi. Mostrano però una sorta di attendismo non negativo, che non toglie speranza a don Carlo, ma lo invoglia a far di tutto per dimostrare l’infondatezza del pregiudizio antiitaliano.

Apparently the first trip might have seemed a failure. The Allies still did not trust the Italians—neither those liberated or those in the north still opposed to the fascists and Germans. They (the Allies) adopted a wait-and-see attitude and Don Carlo, however, did not loose heart and felt more determined than ever to disprove the Allies’ anti-Italian prejudice.

Riprende perciò subito a interessarsi di formazioni ribelli, cioè di una vera e propria organizzazione militare che, superata la fase del recupero degli ex prigionieri alleati e dell’aiuto a rifiutare le leve fasciste, operino in sintonia con gli alleati per liberare il territorio italiano dall’invasione tedesca.

Therefore, he resumed his interest in the rebel forces—a true military organization that, beyond helping with the recovery of the former Allied prisoners and refusing to aid the conscription of fascism, operated smoothly with the Allies to free the territory from the German invasion in Italy.

Questo è il suo primo obiettivo, raggiunto il quale gli sembra realistico pensare che il fascismo, senza più il sostegno germanico, cada da solo. Si spiega così perché, nei riguardi dei militari fascisti egli tenterà sempre, in via prioritaria, il mezzo della persuasione, come nel Bar Caminati di Reggio fa don Simonelli, apertamente, costringendoli a riflettere che il “ribellismo” si fonda su presupposti moralmente e politicamente ben definiti, come non era, invece, il loro movimento repubblican.

This was his first goal, as it seemed realistic to think that fascism, without continued support from the Germans, would fall by itself. This explains why, in respect to the fascists, he always attempted persuasion as a first priority, as when in the Bar Caminati of Reggio Don Simonelli openly forced them to reflect on whether their “rebelliousness” was based on assumptions that were morally and politically well-defined, as it was not, however, their republican movement.

Riprende subito i contatti con don Pasquino Borghi, presso il quale va a rifugiarsi per non mettere a repentaglio la popolazione di Poiano dove i fascisti, inutilmente, tentano di catturarlo. Proprio tramite don Pasquino ottiene dal vescovo il permesso di lasciare la parrocchia di Poiano per dedicarsi al nuovo impegno.

Immediately he resumed contacts with Don Pasquino Borghi, from whom he received refuge, so as not to not jeopardize the population of Poiano, where fascists were attempting in vain to capture him. Through Don Pasquino he received permission from the bishop to leave the parish of Poiano in order to devote himself to the new effort.

Un compito più da laici che non da sacerdoti. È vero. Ma la supplenza ha una ragione precisa: quell’impegno comporta troppi rischi per i laici e per le loro famiglie. Glielo si può chiedere non standosene al sicuro, ma con l’esempio, andando avanti per primi. La scelta di questi preti diventa la conseguenza di tante discussioni, fatte in seminario e fuori, sul tema “interventismo sì o no”; ovvero: sì o no al servizio militare; sì o no ad essere primi nell’impegno dove c’è da mettere in gioco la vita per salvare altre vite.

[It was] a task more suited to laity than priests. It’s true. But there was justification for the substitution: the commitment involved too much risk for the laity and their families. You can ask [a priest] to go forward first, setting an example, rather than sitting in safety. The choice of these priests came after much discussion at the seminary on the topic “interventionism—yes or no”; that is, yes or no to military service, yes or no to be the first where [a priest’s] accepting the commitment is to put his life at risk in order to save the lives of others.

La sua posizione è quella “interventista” di don Giuseppe Iemmi: i contadini e gli operai, con moglie e figli, sono chiamati alle armi. E perché no i seminaristi o i giovani sacerdoti che, pure, con la loro presenza, potrebbero portare tanta consolazione a chi soffre e muore?

His position was that of the “interventionist” Don Giuseppe Iemmi: peasants and workers, with wives and children, were called to arms. So why not seminarians or young priests as well, who, through their presence, might bring much consolation to those who suffer and die?

Il vescovo Eduardo Brettoni, approva la scelta – come già aveva approvato l’impegno contro la dittatura e contro la guerra di don Simonelli e don Cocconcelli – e, con la sua benedizione, il 27 novembre don Carlo riparte per il Sud, viaggiando di paese in paese per raccogliere le informazioni sui prigionieri alleati e organizzarne il recupero e, in più, per contattare le varie formazioni partigiane e informarle della possibile collaborazione con le forze alleate.

Bishop Eduardo Brettoni approved the choice—as he had already approved the commitment against the dictatorship and the war of Don Simonelli and Don Cocconcelli—and so, with his blessing, on November 27, Don Carlo started for the south, travelling from village to village gathering information on Allied prisoners and organizing their recovery and, in addition, contacting various partisan groups in order to inform them of the possibility for cooperation with the Allied forces.

Sulla montagna reggiana rimane don Pasquino con il compito di continuare a raccogliere gli ex prigionieri, di assisterli e di indirizzarli in quel di Ancona dove don Carlo o i suoi collaboratori li guidano al passaggio delle linee. Solo il conte Calvi è conoscenza di questa segreta organizzazione {6}.

In the Reggiano mountains, Don Pasquino stayed with the task of continuing to gather former prisoners, and helping to direct them towards Ancona, where Don Carlo or its associates would guide them through the lines. Only Count Calvi was aware of this secret organization. {6}

Un certo fondamento di verità

A certain element of truth

Ha con sé dodici ex prigionieri angloamericani raccolti fra Tapignola, Cervarolo e Gazzano, che lassù avevano trovato rifugio e assistenza – come abbiamo visto – presso don Pasquino Borghi, don Paolino Canovi e don Giambattista Pigozzi. Quest’ultimo, nel consegnargli i suoi quattro, glieli raccomanda come figli. E filiale è anche la devozione con cui don Carlo riceve la benedizione dell’anziano confratello.

[Don Carlo] had with him twelve former Allied prisoners who were collected from Tapignola, Cervarolo, and Gazzano, who had found refuge and support up there—as we have seen—with Don Pasquino Borghi, Don Paolino Canovi, and Don Giambattista Pigozzi. The latter, in handing over his four, asked that they be treated as sons. Also, it was with filial devotion that Don Carlo received the blessing of the elder brother.

Ora il viaggio deve necessariamente andare a rilento, di nascosto ai nazifascisti, con ogni mezzo di trasporto e, il più delle volte a piedi. Occorre rendersi conto di persona di dove si trovano i prigionieri, di organizzare la rete che li nasconda e, al momento opportuno, li aiuti a fuggire. In più bisogna cercare i partigiani che vanno organizzandosi e che, verso sud, sono costituiti sempre più spesso da soldati italiani sbandati, spesso coi loro ufficiali, fiduciosi che la linea del fronte risalga verso Nord nel più breve tempo possibile. Bisogna dir loro che ci sono possibilità di avere aiuto e collaborazione. È il messaggio che gli riesce di consegnare ai partigiani di Riccardo Fidel “Libero” a Forlì, ai gruppi di ex soldati del tenente Cardona a Sassoferrato.

Now the journey necessarily had to go slowly in order to avoid detection by the Nazi-fascists—by any means of transport and, more often than not, on foot. They needed to understand where the individual prisoners were, arrange for the network to hide them, and then, when appropriate, to help them to escape. In addition, there was need to watch for the partisans who were organizing themselves and who, to the south, were composed increasingly of disbanded Italian soldiers, often with their officers, confident that the front line would move northward as quickly as possible. They needed to be told that there are possibilities for help and collaboration. It was this message that was delivered to the partisans of Riccardo Fidel “Libero” a Forlì, groups [comprised of] former soldiers of Lieutenant Cardona in Sassoferrato.

Presso Montegranaro trova un campo di concentramento dove i tedeschi raccolgono i prigionieri alleati. Grazie all’aiuto del cappellano, che per questo verrà poi ucciso, fa fuggire tutti i prigionieri. Giunge Natale ed è ancora in viaggio, nei dintorni di Fermo, sotto la pioggia, con un pezzo di pane in tasca, braccato dai tedeschi e dai fascisti che hanno sempre pronto, per lui e per i suoi compagni, il colpo in canna. Ma la rete per il recupero dei prigionieri, avviata da lui e dal suo gruppo dell’A’Force, funziona: i prigionieri alleati sono aiutati a fuggire, a nascondersi, a trovare guide che li conducono ai punti d’imbarco oppure direttamente oltre il fronte. Così riprendono le missioni che, complessivamente, recuperano circa 3700 prigionieri {7}. Fra questi anche il figlio del generale Montgomery, liberato da un campo presso l’Aquila insieme a tre generali.

Near to Montegranaro there was a prison camp where the Germans held Allied prisoners. With the help of the [camp’s] chaplain, all the prisoners escaped, and the chaplain was killed for his involvement. Christmas came and still Don Carlo was on the road—on the outskirts of Fermo, in the rain, with a piece of bread in his pocket—hunted by the Germans and fascists, who were always ready for him and his comrades with a shot in their gun-barrel. But the prisoner retrieval network that he and his “A” Force partners launched was working: Allied prisoners were being helped to escape, to hide, and to find guides to lead them to coast rendesvous or directly through the front. The recovery missions overall resulted in the return of about 3,700 prisoners. {7} Among these was the son of General Montgomery, liberated along with three generals from a camp near l’Aquila.

Ora che ha la piena fiducia degli alleati e di Montgomery in particolare, don Carlo ripropone il tema degli aiuti alle formazioni partigiane del Nord. Della sua buona fede, delle sue ottime capacità, come di quelle dei suoi uomini, non hanno motivo di dubitare. Dubitano, invece, com’è noto, del Partito Comunista Italiano. Scrive don Carlo:

Now that he had the full confidence of the Allies and Montgomery in particular, Don Carlo returned to the issue of aid to the partisans in the north. His good faith and his excellent ability (like those of his men) they had no reason to doubt. However, they did doubt, as was well known, the Italian Communist Party. Don Carlo wrote:

«Gli alleati erano informati che il PCI puntava su un’azione rivoluzionaria al momento opportuno e temevano che un loro eventuale aiuto finisse esclusivamente col potenziare l’apparato comunista. Si discusse molto su questo punto: le loro obiezioni avevano un certo fondamento di verità. Ma cercai di farmi garante che sarebbero state prese opportune cautele, affinché l’eventualità da essi paventata non potesse verificarsi, almeno su larga scala».

“The Allies are aware that the PCI is aiming for revolutionary action at the appropriate time, and they fear that their possible support would only end with strengthening of the communist apparatus. There was discussion on this very point: their objections have some element of truth. But I tried to get a guarantee that appropriate precautions would be taken so that what they feared could not occur, at least not on a large scale.”

Aprile 1944. Missione al Sud conclusa

April 1944—the mission in the south is completed

Il 4 febbraio il comando inglese lancia don Carlo col paracadute nella zona di Porchia, nei pressi di Ascoli Piceno, dove c’è un caposaldo nodale della rete di recupero dei prigionieri. Qui riprende in pieno il suo lavoro di agente dell’A’Force, intersecato dai contatti con le formazioni partigiane per informarle della disponibilità degli aiuti alleati e, ovviamente, dei timori fondati che questi ultimi ancora hanno verso alcuni settori del partigianato.

On February 4, the British command landed Don Carlo by parachute in the area of Porchia, near Ascoli Piceno, which was a key junction in the prisoner recovery network. Here he fully resumed his work as an ‘A’ Force agent, interspersing [those activities] with contacts with partisan groups in order to inform them of the availability of Allied aid and, of course, to share concerns the Allies still had concerning aspects of the partisan movement.

Molte le località occupate dai tedeschi nelle quali compie audacissime operazioni di recupero dei prigioniri: San Benedetto del Tronto, Fermo, Porto Civitanova, Porto San Giorgio, Giulianova, Pescara, Cupra Marittima…

He conducted audacious prisoner recovery operations in many areas occupied by the Germans: San Benedetto del Tronto, Fermo, Porto Civitanova, Porto San Giorgio, Giulianova, Pescara, Cupra Marittima…

Ha con sé una radio ricetrasmittente per mantenere i contatti col comando inglese da cui ricevere le istruzioni operative. Per mezzo di questa radio viene a conoscenza della battaglia di Cerré Sologno del 15 marzo 1944 e degli eccidi di Santa Giulia nel modenese e di Cervarolo nel Reggiano. Sa così della morte di don Battista Pigozzi.

He carried a two-way radio in order to communicate and receive incoming instructions from the British command. By means of this radio he learned of the battle of Cerré Sologno on 15 March 1944 and the massacres of Santa Giulia in Modena area and of Cervarolo in the Reggiano. He also learned of the death of Don Battista Pigozzi.

Tutti questi fatti non sfuggono al comando alleato e testimoniano, se mai ce ne fosse ancora bisogno, che l’attività partigiana era in pieno svolgimento e la popolazione stessa del Nord pagava col sangue, pesantemente, per liberarsi dall’invasione tedesca e dal fascismo.

All these facts had not slipped the Allied command and they stood as a witness, if ever proof were needed, that partisan activity was in full swing and the northern Italians had paid heavily with blood to free themselves from the German invasion and fascism.

Ai primi di marzo la missione sta per concludersi. La sua ricompensa maggiore è la promessa – ormai certa – di aiuti in armi, generi di sussistenza e coordinamento strategico. Dunque può tornarsene a casa per dedicarsi a tempo pieno al partigianato.

In early March, the mission was about to end. [Don Carlo’s] greatest reward was the promise—almost certain now—of assistance with weaponry, other support, and strategic coordination. Therefore, he was free to go home to dedicate himself full-time to the partisan movement.

Ma gli inglesi non finiscono di dargli le ultime raccomandazioni, proprio perché hanno fiducia in lui, dimostrando, però, di avere informazioni forse più particolareggiate delle sue:

But the British did not end up granting his latest recommendations, precisely because they had confidence in him, but proving that they perhaps had more detailed information:

«Volgendo il mio impegno al termine, ricevetti tuttavia la raccomandazione di riferire ai responsabili della Resistenza che i programmi di aiuto e collaborazione avrebbero potuto venire compromessi dal ripetersi di alcuni fatti negativi, come uccisioni indiscriminate e razzie, che predisponevano negativamente la popolazione già così provata.

“While bringing my engagement to its end, however, I received the recommendation to report to the leaders of the Resistance that assistance programs and cooperation could be jeopardized by the repetition of certain negative events, such as indiscriminate killings and looting, which adversely put at risk the people who had already proven themselves.

Tali episodi dovevano quindi essere accuratamente evitati e la Resistenza doveva mantenersi sul binario della lotta ai nazifascisti, nel rispetto delle persone e delle cose non chiaramente implicate nella lotta.

“These episodes should thus be carefully avoided, and the Resistance must keep on the track of combating the fascists with respect for people and property not clearly involved in the fight.

Mi informarono anche dell’esistenza di una radio trasmittente, a mezzo della quale avrei dovuto comunicare la notizia del mio arrivo e ricevere al momento opportuno le istruzioni relative ai previsti prossimi invii di rifornimenti aviotrasportati».

“They also informed me of the existence of a radio transmitter, by means of which I was to give notice of my arrival at an appropriate time and receive instructions on how the next set of supplies would be sent by air.”

Questa è la raccomandazione alleata, inglese in particolare, e tale è la corrispondente promessa rilasciata da Carlo. Una promessa che dobbiamo tenere ben presente per comprendere i prossimi sviluppi della resistenza nella montagna reggiana e, in particolare, i confronti già in atto nelle formazioni in via di sviluppo.

This was the recommendation of the Allies—the English in particular—and such was the promise made by Carlo. A promise we must keep in mind in order to understand the next developments of resistance in the reggiana mountains and, in particular, as compared to what was already taking place in developing activities.

Il 10 aprile 1944, in bicicletta, lascia Sassoferrato (provincia di Ancona) per Sassuolo. Circa cinquecento chilometri che percorre in poco meno di un giorno e mezzo, sfidando tutti i possibili incontri con tedeschi e fascisti.

On 10 April 1944, [Don Carlo] left Sassoferrato (Ancona province) by bike, bound for Sassuolo. About 500 kilometres that he covered in less then one and a half days, braving all possible encounters with Germans and fascists.

Notes

1. D’ora in poi, salvo specifica annotazione, per il riferimento documentativo di quanto narrato, l’Autore rimanda al suo volume: La 284° Brigata Fiamme Verdi “Italo”, Ed. ALPI-APC, Reggio Emilia 2002.

[Henceforth, unless specifically noted, references in this document are drawn by the author from his book: La 284° Brigata Fiamme Verdi “Italo”, Ed. ALPI-APC, Reggio Emilia 2002.]

2. Il Tricolore (ex Il solco fascista), 10 settembre 1943.

3. Archivio Vescovile, Carteggio Brettoni Tempore belli.

4. Il solco fascista, 23 ottobre 1943.

5. Da una breve intervista rilasciata da don Alberto Camellini a Giuseppe Giovanelli il 15 marzo 2004. Don Camellini, ordinato prete il 25 giugno 1944, diventerà noto per avere seguito personalmente la vicenda del piccolo seminarista Rolando Rivi, ucciso da partigiani comunisti il 10 aprile 1945, la cui beatificazione avverrà il prossimo 5 ottobre 2013.

[A brief interview with Don Alberto Camellini by Giuseppe Giovanelli on 15 March 2004. Don Camellini, ordained as priest on June 25, 1944, will become known to have personally followed the story of the young seminarian Rolando Rivi, killed by communist partisans on April 10, 1945, whose beatification will take place on October 5, 2013.]

6. “Carlo” il primo delle Fiamme Verdi, in La Penna, numero unico della Brigata Italo – Fiamme Verdi del Cusna, 24 agosto 1945, L’articolo, firmato “Le Fiamme Verdi”, contiene un primo dettagliato resoconto del lavoro svolto da don Carlo come agente dell’A’Force per il recupero dei prigionieri alleati.

[“Carlo” il primo delle Fiamme Verdi, in La Penna, unique number Brigade “Italo” – Green Flames of Mount Cusna, August 24, 1945, The article, signed “Le Fiamme Verdi,” contains the first detailed account of the work done by Don Carlo as an agent of ‘A’ Force for the recovery of Allied prisoners.]

7. Sul numero dei prigionieri recuperati grazie all’operato di don Carlo e alla rete da lui organizzata, alquanto polemico appare Guerrino Franzini, che vorrebbe ridurne drasticamente il numero (RS, 32-33, pag. 138). Due sole osservazioni per sottolineare come il numero non appaia affatto esagerato: a) tra le varie azioni vi fu perfino l’evacuazione completa di due campi di concentramento per un totale, solo lì, di 900 prigionieri.; b) ebbe dagli inglesi non soldi (che pure gli vennero proposti), ma la Victoria Cross. Un’onorificenza, si sa, che non veniva concessa per meriti di poco conto. L’articolo de La Nuova Penna citato nella nota precedente, afferma: «Forse chi lo vede oggi per la prima volta non potrebbe credere che quell’uomo giovane, magrolino, col suo sorrisetto amichevole e, talvolta, un po’ ironico, possa aver svolto con tanta energia e, per di più, quasi sempre da solo nei momenti difficili, un’opera così vasta. Ma noi, che abbiamo vissuto con lui, sappiamo che vi furono momenti nei quali anche la sua forza di uomo avrebbe dovuto piegarsi, se non lo avesse sostenuto la sua fede patriottica, l’entusiasmo del suo apostolato, la sua costanza montanara».

[The number of prisoners recovered thanks to the work of Don Carlo and the network he organized, seems controversial to [writer] Guerrino Franzini, who would drastically reduce the number (RS, 32-33, p. 138). Just two observations to emphasize how the number does not appear to be at all exaggerated: a) between the various actions, there was a complete evacuation of two concentration camps [which held a total of] 900 prisoners; b) had received no money from the British (who had even proposed it), but [he had been awarded] the Victoria Cross. [It was] an honour, we know, that was not awarded for actions of little consequence. The article in La Nuova Penna referenced above, says: “Perhaps those who see it today for the first time might not believe that this young man, skinny, with his friendly smile and sometimes [seeming] a little wry, may have played so vigorously and, moreover, almost always alone in difficult times, [to accomplish] a work so vast. But we, who have lived with him, know that there were times when even the strength of this man would have folded, had it not been for his patriotic belief, the enthusiasm of his apostolate, his mountain-like resolve.”]

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Another book by Giuseppe Giovanelli includes material on Don Domenico Orlandini: La 284a brigata Fiamme verdi “Italo”: Cattolici della montagna reggiana nella Resistenza 1943–1945 (2002) [The 284th Brigade Fiamme Verdi “Italo”: Catholics of the Reggio Emilia Mountains in the Resistance 1943–1945].


Carl Leroy Good—Captured by the Enemy

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At left, Carl with twins Ron and Don, the last-born of his and his wife Nadine’s six children; right, Carl at home on the family farm

I first heard from Crystal Aceves in February 2010, when she wrote, “My grandfather was part of Operation Torch, subtask operation Brushwood. He made it through the amphibious landing and went on to Sicily, where he captured on July 17, 1943.”

Carl was transferred through several camps, the last of which was P.G. 59 in Servigliano.

He kept an account of his war experiences, in which he described the Camp 59 breakout:

“It was on the 8th of September we heard the allies were in Italy and Italy had packed in. What a day! We were free! That’s what we thought. We were held for six more days. We grew very impatient and started to smell a mouse, were they going to turn us loose, today, tomorrow, so we made plans of our own. We’d go on our own. Soon the Germans would come in and take us on to Germany. On the night of the 14th of September we went out under fire through a hole in the wall that had been chiseled by some of the prisoners.”

Crystal went on to explain, “Outside the camp, the men divided in smaller groups and traveled all night to the foot of Monte San Martino.

“The names of the six escapees in his group that night were Carl Good (my granddad), Sgt. George Tucker, Sgt. Jim Kingsland, Joseph Altomari, Jim Snodgrass, and Jim Martelli. After a couple days, they split up so it was safer.

“My granddad stayed with Jim Martelli.

“He was one of the lucky ones,” Crystal said. “He survived in the San Martino mountains for over nine months.

“My granddad and Jim stayed hidden outside of Monte San Martino in the countryside. At the beginning there were three families that were helping them out. As things got harder, two of the families dropped out. The main farmer and his family took them on themselves. His name was Giovanni Straffi. He had two sons fighting and both were captured—one sent to Germany and one sent to the U.S. His son’s names were Carlo and Edward (as it would be in English). The Straffi family joked that they had traded a Carlo for a Carl.

“They really took care of my granddad and Jim and made sure they survived the winter. Some winter nights, they let them spend the night under the house with the ox so they could keep warm. On one very cold, snowy winter night, they even let them spend the night inside the house and gave them a bed to sleep in for a few days.

“For the most part my granddad and Jim lived in a hidden shelter. He told me one of the Italian boys went with them near the beginning and helped make them a shelter out of wicker plants that was hidden in a small ditch in the timber and away from the main road. They had a perfect view of the families and the country around them, but they were protected. It could only be accessed by walking. The main road ran below them and there was a rural road up near level of them. This was their main hideout throughout the nine months they stayed in the mountains.

As the Allies got closer, in June 1944, they decided to leave and try to make it to Termoli. Giovanni Straffi and his wife cried because they felt like sons to them. He said he did get a letter from them after he got home, but we could never find what happened to it.

“Jim and my granddad made it to Ascoli and were met by a British company. He made in back to the U.S. on August 2, 1944.

“When my dad was little, the war was never mentioned,” Crystal wrote. “My granddad wanted to start talking about it in his 70s.”

At the time she first wrote to me, Crystal said of her granddad, “He is still alive and well and in July he will be 91. His memory is still amazing and I sit down with him often to record more stories that didn’t get written. He won’t share the worst ones, but he shares many others.”

Carl passed away the following year, on Christmas Eve, 2011.

Crystal continued to research Carl’s story—as well as other men’s escape stores, in order to better understand, by extension, her grandfather’s combat, prisoner-of-war, and escape experiences. She expanded the story to include Carl’s youth, induction into the service, and his return home after repatriation.

This year her years of work reached fruition as she at last saw the publication of her book.

Carl Good would have been pleased to see the dedicated research and sensitivity his granddaughter put into this book. The volume ensures the story of his remarkable experience will live on. It also serves as a tribute to the comrades who shared his experience and the kind Italians who offered him protection.

You can order Captured by the Enemy: The True Story of POW Carl Leroy Good from Amazon.com or through Crystal’s own website, crystalaceves.com.

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The author with her granddad, February 2011

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Carl Leroy Good during the war

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Family life—Carl and his wife Nadine with their children. In all, the couple had one daughter and five sons.

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Author Crystal Aceves with her family



Monument to Valiant Rescuers

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I recently exchanged several e-mails with Luigi Donfrancesco, who lives in Rome. His uncle, Andrea Scattini, was an Italian I.S.9 agent during the war.

I.S.9 was a sub-organization of special Allied operations unit “A” Force. I.S.9 formed escape chains to evacuate Allied escapers and evaders (E & Es) from enemy-occupied territory.

Luigi sent me photographs taken by Dr. Luigino Nespeca of a monument at Villa Stipa at Offida (Ascoli Piceno, Italy) that commemorates No. 5 Field Section of I.S.9, which produced the largest number of E & Es of any I.S.9 land unit in Italy.

See “I.S.9 History—Operations in Italy, Part 2” for detailed information on No. 5 Field Section.

Villa Stipa was one of the main bases of I.S.9 “Rat Line” rescues.

“My uncle Andrea Scattini is improperly placed with the shot [executed] patriots, but he should be with the fallen in service instead, because he was never captured,” Luigi clarified.

“Also, Don Domenico Orlandini was never shot nor dead (they erroneously thought so), but survived the war and died later in his sixties.”

Here are the names acknowledged on the memorial:

GUERRA DI LIBERAZIONE [War of Liberation]

N.5 A FORCE FED. SEC C OCAO.
A.M.G. MAGG. ROBB E CAP. R. W. LEWIS [Allied Military Government, Major (maggiore in Italian) A. Robb and U.S. Army Air Force Captain R. W. B. Lewis]
COMANDO RAT LINE
COMANDANTE CAP. G.A.R.I. [Genio Aeronautico Ruolo Ingegneri, Aeronautical Engineer Corps] STIPA LUIGI
COLLEGAMENTO VIA RADIO
CON ALGERI BARI E LANCIANO [wireless connection, Algiers with Bari and Lanciano]
SETTEMBRE 1943—18 GIUGNO 1944 [September 1943 to June 18, 1944]

FUCILATI [Shot, Executed]

FAUSTO SIMONETTI MOVM [Gold Medal of Military Valor, Medaglia d’oro al Valore Militare]—ASCOLI P [Ascoli Piceno]
MARIO MOOTES MAVM [Silver Medal of Military Valor, Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare]—PARACADUTISTA [paratrooper]—MONTALTO M [Montalto Marche]
DON DELFINO ANGELICI—MONTALTO M
ANDREA SCATTINI—FORCE
LUCIANO GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
CESARE GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
ANTONIO GABRIELLI—OFFIDA
N 3 PRIGIONIERI ALLEATI—MONTALTO M [Three Allied POWs (prigioniera di guerra alleati) shot in Montalto Marche]
N 3 ITALIANI—CASTIGNANO [Three Italians shot in Castignano]
DON ORLANDINI—SASSOTETTO
PINO ZOBITO

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CADUTI IN SERVIZIO [Fallen in Service]

ERMANNO FINOCCHI—FIRENZE [Florence]
ROBERTO—ANCONA
RENATO ROSSI R.T. [Radio-Telegrapher, Radio-Telegrafista]—NORD ITALIA [Northern Italy]
BATTISTA—PARACADUTISTA—NORD ITALIA

FERITI E CATTURATI [Wounded and Captured]

ETTORE ZAMBALDI—GENERALE PILOTA [General Pilot, Italian Air Force]—FARAONE
DARIO CELANI—CAPITANO MARINA [Captain, Italian Navy]—FARAONE
DIEGO VECCHIARELLI—MONTALTO M.
EMIDIO AZZARRI—BOMBOLO [his agent cover name]—MAVM—OFFIDA
LEONARDO STIPA—APPIGNANO DEL TR.[Appignano del Tronto]
QUINTO STIPA—APPIGNANO DEL TR.
GIUSEPPE PIERANTOZZI—OFFIDA
LUIGI CIOTTI—OFFIDA

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COLLABORATORI [Collaborators]

UGO UGUCCIONI RANIERI [di Sorbello (Bourbon del Monte)]
ERMANNO FINOCCHI
NANNI GIOVANNETTI
ITALO SANTARELLI
ZENO VINCI
MAGG. MAC KEE [I.S.9 officer Major McKee]
CLAUDIO STIPA
CARLA STIPA

DONATO FANTACUZZI
D’ANGELO CAMMILLO
SPARTACO PERINI—MAVM
VITTORIO DI FRISCIA
VINCENZO BOSICA

JACH RAYNER—POW INGL [ENGLISH]
ROBERTO LEVINE—POW PR FFF [Free French Forces]
NORADINO STIPA—CAP MARINA
MARGHERITA LO SCIUT
PASQUALE D’ANGELO

TALINA D’ANGELO
RUGGERO DAMIANI
DOMENICO ALESSI
PASQUALE ALESSI
ETTORE MARUCCHI

ITALO SPERANTINI
PASQUALE MAROZZI
FAMIGLIA FAGNANI
FAMIGLIA D’ANNUNZIO
DON ANTONIO GALOSI

Here are further comments and clarifications from Luigi Donfrancesco:

“My uncle ANDREA (SCATTINI) was one of the original six agents in the group formed in Termoli in October 1943:

1) Uguccione RANIERI di Sorbello (Bourbon del Monte);
2) Don Domenico ORLANDINI;
3) Ermanno FINOCCHI;
4) Andrea SCATTINI;
5) Fausto SIMONETTI;
6) Augusto RUFFO di Calabria (brother of Paola, Queen of Belgium. He died on a torpedo Motor Boat in the first mission on November 1 or 2, 1943).

“Of the original group of six agents, only two survived the war: Count Uguccione RANIERI di Sorbello and the priest Don Domenico “Carlo” ORLANDINI.

“The three PRIGIONIERI DI GUERRA ALLEATI (Allied POWs) were shot on March 11, 1944 in Montalto Marche with Paratrooper MARIO MOOTES, who was trying to transport them to salvation in a truck. [These three men were L. H. J. Brown, D. Hollingsworth, and T. W. White.]

“Fausto SIMONETTI was awarded MOVM (Medaglia d’Oro al Valor Militare, Gold Medal for Valour or Bravery). He was shot on 6 June, 1944 (D-day), after two months of prison, interrogations and tortures.

“Ermanno FINOCCHI was killed by a mine (left by the retiring Germans), in Fiesole (outskirts of Florence) in August 1944.”

Captain Richard Warren Barrington LEWIS was American and was in the Torpedo Motorboat with Augusto RUFFO di Calabria on November 2, 1943, but swam ashore and survived, as did Raymond LEE-COURAUD, French, naturalized British, Captain of S.A.S. (Special Air Service).


Andrea Scattini—Youthful I.S.9 Agent

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Portrait of Andrea Scattini by Federico Spoltore, Lanciano, February 14, 1944

As a young man and a medical student, Andrea Scattini was enrolled in the Medical Corps of the Italian Army and assigned to the Celio Military Hospital, Rome, according to his nephew Luigi Donfrancesco.

In September 1943, after Italy signed the Armistice, Andrea was captured by Germans outside the hospital. He and several other young men were slated for transport to Germany when Andrea escaped.

He returned to his home in San Vito Chietino Marina, on the Adriatic coast.

In October 1943, in Termoli, Andrea offered his services to the Allies and was enrolled as an agent under Captain Andrew Robb, No. 5 Field Section, “A” Force (I.S.9). He was among the first small group of six Italians to be employed in that capacity (the others being Uguccione Ranieri di Sorbello, Don Domenico Orlandini, Ermanno Finocchi, Fausto Simonetti, and “Guido”—full name unknown).

Andrea’s mission was to organize escape “Rat-lines” and to guide former POWs to safety over land and along the Adriatic coastline.

This was named Plan RATBERRY Section “A”, No. 5 Field Section, and Andrea and the other agents of his group were often referred to as “the Ratberry boys.”

Luigi is trying to acquire documents with details of Andrea’s missions and activities as an “A” Force/I.S.9 agent in the Marche and Abruzzo regions.

In a No. 5 Field Section progress report from Lanciano, Captain Robb states that on December 21, 1943, Andrea arrived at the Allied lines of the New Zealand Division, taking with him ex-POW Lance Corporal “Spiro.”

In the same report, Captain Robb states Andrea is “one of the original planners of MILKY WAY.”

“MILKY WAY” was a plan to extend RATBERRY in other directions, north and possibly east, to take prisoners to Switzerland and/or Yugoslavia.

On March 8, 1944, at age 26, Andrea was killed in the village of Force—the victim of an apparent ambush.

Luigi Donfrancesco was a baby at the time of Andrea’s death. In time, Andrea’s mother—who was Luigi’s grandmother—gave his medical textbooks to Luigi. Luigi adopted what would have been his uncle’s calling, and he went on to become a doctor.

Luigi’s son, named Andrea in honor of his great uncle, also entered the medical profession.

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Andrea Scattini, Porto S. Giorgio, September 1943

Luigi said, “His photo with short pants and a serious expression on his face was taken in Porto San Giorgio, Marche (his wife’s home town) in late September 1943, soon after he was captured in Rome by the Germans and was able to escape.”

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“I am the child Andrea is holding in this photo, taken in Rome in 1942, when I was about one year old,” Luigi wrote. “His only child, Ettore Scattini, was born later in Force, in November 1943.”

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Villino Verrucci, Force, Ascoli Piceno, in front of which Andrea Scattini was killed. Photo: Dr. Luigino Nespeca

“Force, then covered by snow, is where my uncle lost his life in the evening of March 8, 1944, just in front of beautiful ‘Villino Verrucci’. The circumstances of his death are not yet fully clarified. It seems he may have been killed by a fascist, alleged partisan, infiltrated inside the ‘Paolini’ partisan group.”

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U.S. Army Air Force Captain R. W. B. Lewis, No. 5 Field Section of “A” Force, sent this letter or condolence to the widow of Andrea Scattini following his death:

No 5 “A” Force Fd. Sec.,
c/o C.A.O., A.M.G.
AREZZO.

20 July 44.

To: La Signora Scattini

From: Commanding Officer,
No 5 “A” FORCE FIELD SEC.

I wish to extend to you, on behalf of the ALLIED ARMIES IN ITALY, our most profound gratitude for the service your husband, ANDREA SCATTINI, rendered the armed forces of GREAT BRITAIN and AMERICA.

ANDREA served with distinction from October 1943 until March 1944. He carried out duties of the most important and difficult kind, and in the performance of these duties he displayed unusual courage and gallantry. He was held in the greatest esteem by all who worked with him; no few of whom owe their lives to his efforts. He died while on duty in enemy territory, and his name is enrolled among those of all nations who perished in action against the common foe.

Please accept, Signora, our deepest sympathy for the loss of your husband, and this expression of our gratitude for his great sacrifice.

[signed] R. W. B. Lewis
Capt. USAAF
for Wing Commander G. 1
Advanced headquarters of “A” FORCE.
Allied Armies in Italy.

Here is Captain Lewis’ letter translated into Italian, courtesy of Luigi Donfrancesco:

“A” FORCE SEZIONE TERRITORIALE N. 5, presso C.A.O., A.M.G, AREZZO.
20 Luglio 1944.

Alla Signora Scattini

Da: Ufficiale Comandante, “A” FORCE SEZIONE TERRITORIALE N. 5

Desidero parteciparle, per conto delle FORZE ALLEATE IN ITALIA, la nostra più profonda gratitudine per i servizi che suo marito, ANDREA SCATTINI, ha reso alle forze armate della GRAN BRETAGNA e AMERICA.

ANDREA ha servito con distinzione da Ottobre 1943 fino a Marzo 1944. Ha espletato compiti del massimo grado di importanza e difficoltà, e nell’espletamento di questi compiti ha dimostrato non comune coraggio e ardimento. Egli era tenuto nella più alta considerazione da tutti quelli che hanno lavorato con lui; non pochi dei quali devono la vita ai suoi sforzi. Egli è morto mentre era in servizio in territorio nemico, e il suo nome è annoverato fra quelli di tutte le nazioni che sono morti in azione contro il comune nemico.

La prego di accettare, Signora, le nostre più profonde condoglianze per la perdita di suo marito, e questa espressione della nostra gratitudine per il suo grande sacrificio.

Firmato: R. W. B. LEWIS
Capitano dell’Aviazione USA
Per il Comandante di Stormo G. 1.
Quartiere Generale Avanzato dell’ “A” FORCE,
Armate Alleate in Italia.

Dopo la guerra Lewis diviene Professore di Letteratura Inglese e Americana all’Università di Yale e con le sue pubblicazioni vince il premio Pulitzer. Appassionato di Firenze e di Dante, viene spesso in Italia e scrive un libro su Dante. Muore nel 2002 all’età di 84 anni.


Ermanno Finocchi to “Carlo” Orlandini

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First page of a two-page letter from Ermanno Finocchi to Don Domenico “Carlo” Orlandini

Last week, Luigi Donfrancesco sent me an English translation he made of a letter I.S.9 agent Ermanno Finocchi sent to fellow agent Don Domenico Orlandini, whose agent name was “Carlo.”

“I found it interesting, as it shows details of Plan MILKY WAY and the way agents operated in setting up Rat-lines (Ratberry lines),” Luigi explained.

Here are introductory notes from Luigi in Italian and English, followed by the letter in both languages:

Nota. Scritto a matita su carta di quaderno a quadretti. E’ fra le “carte Stipa”, gentilmente fornite dal Dr. Luigino Nespeca di Offida nell’Agosto 2015.

Non c’è data, ma è stato scritto subito prima della partenza di Ermanno Finocchi per Milano (il 15 Marzo 1944 in camion, riferisce “Babka” nei suoi Diari). Quindi le “molte notizie di carattere doloroso” sono:

  • l’uccisione di Andrea Scattini a Force (8 marzo);
  • la cattura di Fausto Simonetti a Palmiano (9 marzo);
  • l’attacco alla banda partigiana “Paolini” a Rovetino e Rotella (9 marzo) e conseguente smantellamento della banda stessa;
  • l’attacco ed eliminazione della base “Rat-line” di Porchia (10 marzo), con ferimento e cattura di Diego Vecchiarelli e arresto di altri collaboratori;
  • l’uccisione nei pressi di Montalto Marche del Sergente Paracadutista Mario Mootis (sopravvissuto alla battaglia di El Alamein) e dei 3 prigionieri di guerra britannici che erano con lui (11 marzo).

In English:

Note: Written in pencil on paper squared notebook. From among the “Stipa Papers,” kindly provided by Dr. Luigino Nespeca of Offida on August 2015.

There is no date [on the letter], but it was apparently written just before Ermanno Finocchi started for Milan (via truck on March 15, 1944, as reported by author Alessando Perini in his book I Diari di Babka 1943–1944). So the “much news of a painful kind” are:

  • the killing of Andrea Scattini in Force (March 8);
  • the capture of Fausto Simonetti in Palmiano (March 9);
  • The attack on the “Paolini” partisan group in Rovetino and Rotella (March 9) and subsequent dismantling of the band itself;
  • The attack on and removal of the Porchia “Rat-line” base (March 10), with the wounding and capture of Diego Vecchiarelli and arrest of other collaborators;
  • The killing near Montalto Marche of Sergeant Paratrooper Mario Mootis (a survivor of the Battle of El Alamein) and three British prisoners of war who were with him (March 11).

Il messaggio si riferisce all’attuazione del Piano “MILKY WAY” (estensione della “Rat-line” a Nord fino alla Svizzera), al quale dovevano partecipare Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, Ermanno FINOCCHI e Andrea SCATTINI. In una sua relazione, il Cap. Stipa riferisce che:

  • Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, partito da Lanciano, attraversa il fronte e passa a Offida il 20 Febbraio 1944. Riferisce a Stipa di essere stato incaricato dal Comando “A” Force di Lanciano di estendere la “Rat-Line” verso Nord fino a SASSOFERRATO (provincia di Ancona), passando per FORCE, e di collegare la nuova linea con la base di OFFIDA;
  • Ermanno FINOCCHI e Andrea SCATTINI, partiti da Lanciano, varcano insieme il fronte e arrivano a OFFIDA il 7 Marzo 1944. Riferiscono di essere stati incaricati dal Comando di Lanciano: Ermanno di andare a MILANO e Andrea di procedere fino a BOLOGNA. Morto Andrea l’8 Marzo, il messaggio di Ermanno indica che Don “Carlo” Orlandini subentra nella missione di Andrea].

In English:

The message refers to implementation of Plan “MILKY WAY” (the extension of the “Rat-line” to the north as far as Switzerland), to which Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, Ermanno FINOCCHI and Andrea SCATTINI were assigned. In the report, Captain Stipa reports that:

  • Don “Carlo” ORLANDINI, departed from Lanciano, crossing the front and passing Offida on February 29, 1944. The Stipa papers indicate that he was instructed by the Lanciano command of “A” Force to extend the “Rat-line” to the north as far as SASSOFERRATO (in the province of Ancona), via FORCE, and to connect the new line with the base at OFFIDA;
  • Ermanno FINOCCHI and Andrea SCATTINI, started out from Lanciano, crossing the front together, and arriving in OFFIDA on March 7, 1944. They are reported to have been entrusted [to their operations] by orders of Lanciano: Ermanno going to Milan and Andrea proceeding to BOLOGNA. Andrea was killed on March 8; Ermanno’s message suggests that Don “Carlo” Orlandini took over Andrea’s mission].

“Ermanno Finocchi was from Grottammare (a Marche coastal town in the province of Ascoli Piceno). He was a nephew (son of a sister) of Colonel Gustavo DOLFI, head of partisan groups in San Benedetto del Tronto.

In his book San Vito e la guerra (San Vito and the War), Pietro Cupido says Ermanno Finocchi was captain of Marina Velica, while his uncle was in Marina Mercantile—the Merchant Navy.

At the end of I Diari di Babka 1943–1944,Alessando Perini includes a 2005 interview with Elio TREMAROLI (former “A” Force agent and partisan, cover name “Pino”). He asks Elio about Ermanno Finocchi.

Question: “Che ricorda di Ermanno Finocchi?”

“What do you remember about Ermanno Finocchi?”

Answer: “Ho saputo della sua morte al comando ‘A’ Force di Arezzo.”

“I learned of his death at the ‘A’ Force Command in Arezzo.”

“Con Ermanno eravamo proprio amici, lui era di Grottammare, nipote di Gustavo, il Col. Dolfi.”

“Ermanno and I were real friends, he was from Grottammare, nephew of Colonel Gustavo Dolfi.”

“Era un intraprendente, un navigatore, una volpe.”

“He was an enterprising [resourceful] man, a navigator, a fox.”

“E’ morto stupidamente a Fiesole appena liberata, lui voleva entrare in una villa, c’era una scalinata esterna con sotto l’ingresso del piano terra: ha dato una spallata alla porta e la casa è saltata. Era minata.”

“He died in a stupid way in just liberated Fiesole (Florence), he wanted to enter inside a villa, there was an external staircase with underneath the entrance to the ground floor: he pushed the door with his shoulder and the house blew up. It was mined.”

Question: “C’era qualcuno presente?”

“Was there anyone present?”

Answer: “Si, ma non ricordo chi fosse. L’ho saputo subito perchè ero ad Arezzo con il Cap. Lewis.”

“Yes, but I don’t remember who. I learned about it immediately as I was in Arezzo with Captain Lewis.”

Ermanno Finocchi’s Letter

Here is the text of Ermanno Finocchi’s letter in Italian, followed by the translation into English:

“Caro Orlandini,

“tornando qui (dal Cap. Stipa a Offida) apprenderai molte notizie di carattere doloroso.

“Come d’accordo, io proseguo per Milano, ove debbo incontrarmi con Benello.”

[Il Capitano BENELLO, dell’ Esercito Italiano, è menzionato nel Progress Report 15-25 Jan. 1944 del Capitano Andrew ROBB, Capo della “No. 5 Field Section” dell’ “A” Force, e in altri documenti IS9: selezionava i paracadutisti per le missioni in territorio nemico].

“Da lì, insieme ad altri due, cercheremo di creare l’apertura della frontiera (Svizzera). Una volta realizzato il primo scopo, scenderò, facendo rotta, nei pressi di Piacenza.

“Nel frattempo tu avrai espletato il tuo compito di innesto con Stipa, ed affiderai la sorveglianza della zona a persona di tua fiducia.

“Liberatoti di ciò, dovresti subito iniziare il lavoro come sai, da Bologna a Piacenza, oltre il Po, avvalendoti di collaboratori di tua assoluta fiducia.

“Per incontrarci, è bene stabilire più appuntamenti, o meglio riferimenti.

“Io sosterò a Lecco presso la casa del Tenente biondo Panzeri in Via Mentana 14 (Castello). Recandoti lì mi troverai o avrai il mio reale indirizzo.

“Dal canto mio, potrò cercarti da Cocconcelli a Reggio Emilia, da Arduini Laerte a Parma o dal Conte Carlo Calvi a Cadè, ove se tu non vi fossi, lascerai esatte indicazioni per un preciso appuntamento.

“Non occorre raccomandarmi a te perché il compito affidatoci abbia concreta realizzazione.

“Affettuosi saluti, Ermanno”

In English:

“Dear ORLANDINI,

“Arriving here, you will learn much news of a painful kind.

“As agreed, I am proceeding to MILANO, where I will meet Captain BENELLO”.

[With regard to Captain Benello, a November 1943, I.S.9 war diary states: “Nov. 18: Capt. BENELLO – Italian Army – to arrange supply of Agents. / Nov. 19: Capt. BENELLO is empowered by Italian ‘Comando Supremo’ to find 25 Italian soldiers for use as Agents.” Also, on page six of his January 15–25, 1944 report, Captain Robb says: “The parachutists selected by Capt. BENELLO have done extremely well, as this report indicates.”]

“From there, with the other two, we will try to accomplish opening of the frontier [Swiss border]. Once the first purpose is achieved, I will come down, making a route, near PIACENZA.

“Meantime you will have completed your task of connecting (the southern end of the new “MILKY WAY” line) to Stipa [at Offida] and you will delegate surveillance of the area to a person whom you trust.

“As soon as you are rid of that [duty], you should begin the job as you know, [establishing a connection] from BOLOGNA to PIACENZA, beyond the Po river, making use of collaborators you absolutely trust.

“For you and I to be able to meet, it will be useful to establish several appointments, or better yet, landmarks.

“I will stop in LECCO at the house of blond Lieutenant Panzeri, Via Mentana 14 (Castle). In going there, you will find me or they will give you my real address.

“For my part, I will look for you at Cocconcelli in REGGIO EMILIA, at Arduini Laerte’s in PARMA, or at Count Carlo Calvi’s in Cadè, and if you are not there, you are to leave exact indications for a precise appointment.

“There is no need to recommend you [to complete your part of the job, so] that the task entrusted to us [to organize the new Rat-line from Offida to Switzerland, according to Plan “Milky Way”] is fully realized.

“Affectionate greetings, Ermanno (FINOCCHI)”.


Honor Recommended for Mario Mottes

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First page of a letter from Major Luigi Stipa recommending that I.S.9 agent Mario Mottes be posthumously awarded the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare)

In January 1944, Sergeant Mario Mottes was wounded in the area of Montalto Marche during a parachute drop, when his parachute opened too late to prevent a violent landing.

He continued on his mission, and two months later, on March 10, 1944, he was arrested by the Germans and shot with three escaped Allied prisoners of war.

Major Luigi Stipa proposed the Italian Silver Medal of Military Valor (Medaglia d’Argento al Valore Militare) be awarded to Mario. His letter of recommendation details Mario’s valiant service.

Access to this document from the “Stipa Papers” came through Dr. Luigino Nespeca of Offida. Luigi Donfrancesco translated the Silver Medal nomination into English:

REPORT ATTACHED TO PROPOSAL OF SILVER MEDAL “TO MILITARY BRAVERY, IN MEMORIUM” to Sergeant Radio-Telegrapher Paratrooper of the Army Mario MOTTES

Name: MOTTES Mario
Born: Belgium, November 18, 1919
Degree: Sergeant R.T. Paratrooper
Unit: Royal Army, Battalion Paratroopers
Enrolled in force on January 17, 1944
Residence: PERGINE VALSUGANA (TRENTO)
Shot at MONTALTO (MARCHE) on March 10, 1944

Sergeant R.T. Paratrooper Mario MOTTES was air dropped on January 17, 1944 near the site of the “Stipa Group” in Appignano del Tronto, to start service as Voluntary Partisan Radio-Telegrapher, sent by the Termoli “A Force” Command.

His drop occurred at about hour 24 (midnight) in the area of Porchia [Montalto Marche] from an altitude of about 500 meters but, unfortunately, his parachute opened after considerable delay, such that MOTTES violently struck the ground, receiving severe contusions and wounds all over his body. He was helped by the Porchia section of Stipa group, commanded by Lieutenant “NANNI” Giovannetti. He was looked after there [at Porchia] and, as soon as he was able to move, he presented to me to establish contacts and agreements for missions of taking beyond the Pescara river groups of Allied prisoners collected in the area, as well as for radio-telegraphic connection with Bari, Termoli, etc.

After returning to Porchia from one of his missions, on March 10, 1944 Sergeant MOTTES was captured by Gestapo agents, who for some time had been investigating the ranks of the Marche partisan organization, and on same day he was shot by them with three Allied prisoners of war at Montedinove-Ponte Dragone, near Montalto Marche.

For the highest moral and military qualities shown by MOTTES in voluntarily undertaking the above most dangerous task, driven only by great love for his country and by a deeply rooted and admirable sense of military duty, as well as for showing courage in carrying out missions while physically crippled, and further, by resisting torture by his captors, without revealing anything that could cause discovery of the partisan organization and of his companions, preferring death to delation that could save him, I propose him for the award of “Silver Medal for Military Bravery, in Memoriam” with the following citation:

“VOLUNTARY PARTISAN FOR THE WAR OF LIBERATION OF NATIONAL TERRITORY FROM THE GERMANS, HE CARRIED OUT NUMEROUS CONNECTIONS BETWEEN THE CORNERSONES OF THE GROUPS HE BELONGED TO, ACTING BETWEEN THE DANGERS OF COUNTERINTELLIGENCE IN ENEMY OCCUPIED TERRITORY AND REPEATEDLY CROSSING THE BATTLEFRONT TO BRING ORDERS AND PRECIOUS INFORMATION FOR THE ALLIES. AIR LAUNCHED DURING A DANGEROUS MISSION AND HAVING REMAINED SERIOUSLY CONTUSED DUE TO THE LATE OPENING OF HIS PARACHUTE, WITH HEROIC EFFORT OF WILL HE AVOIDED IMMEDIATE CAPTURE IN ORDER TO CARRY OUT THE TASK ENTRUSTED TO HIM. LATER, AFTER RETURNING FROM ONE OF HIS MANY MISSIONS, HE WAS CAPTURED AND SHOT BY THE ENEMY, HAVING BRAVELY RESISTED TORTURE INFLICTED TO HIM AND HAVING NOT REVEALED THE PARTISAN ORGANIZATION AND THE NAMES OF HIS COMPANIONS.

[HIS WAS A] MAGNIFICENT EXAMPLE OF LOVE OF HIS HOMELAND AND OF FAITHFUL DEDICATION TO DUTY.

Major Engineer Luigi Stipa

mottes-silver-medal-2-r72

The second page of Major Stipa’s letter

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Mario Mottes’s birth certificate

Luigi Donfrancesco requested a copy of Mario’s birth certificate from the comune of Pergine Valsugana in order to clear confusion regarding the spelling of his last name. The certificate confirms that it is Mottes. Therefore his surname Mootes on the Offida Monument is not correct.

Here is information from the birth certificate:

Mario Raoul MOTTES was born in Bruxelles (Belgium) on November 18, 1919.

His father was Achille Oscar MOTTES, born in Teheran (Persia, now Iran); his mother was Pia PAOLI, born in Pergine Valsugana (Trento, TN, Italy).

Mario’s birth abroad in 1919 was registered in Italy in 1930, when he was 11.

Luigi said Pergine Valsugana has no record of Mario’s death at Montalto Marche, Ascoli Piceno, in March 1944—at age 24.


The Alphabetical List—British Soldiers A–B

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In July 2013 my friend Brian Sims sent me a set of photographs of a remarkable document he had uncovered in the British National Archives.

One hundred thirty-eight pages in length, Italy: Imperial Prisoners of War Alphabetical List, Section 1, British Army, contains the names of thousands of British prisoners of war, along with their ranks, service numbers, and the military units to which they belonged.

The booklet is divided into sections for officers and “other ranks.”

Because officers were not typically interned at P.G. 59, only three are listed.

These officers provided healthcare to the internees: Captain T. R. Hodgson, Royal Army Dental Corps (serving as the camp’s dentist); Captain J. H. D. Millar, Royal Army Medical Corps (the chief medical officer for the camp); and A. R. Duff Royal Army Medical Corps (also a camp medical officer).

I am unsure of why Brigadier S. William, Royal Artillery, was present in the camp.

Sergeant Major T. W. Hegarty was P.G. 59 camp leader before Captain Millar assumed that role on September 9, 1943 due to Hegarty’s sudden incapacity. Hegarty, R.S.M. (Regimental Sergeant Major—a non-commissioned rank), Royal Armoured Corps, is listed among other ranks in this document.

This post contains the names of the officers and names A–B of other ranks—147 men in all.

I will share the rest of the British P.G. 59 internees’ names in future posts.

The Alphabetical List has no printed date, and at first I wondered if it was produced during the war for use as a handbook, or if it was printed after the war as an historical record. It turns out the document itself contains clues to its publication date.

In the book, William Armitt, John “Jock” Attrill, Frank Bayley, and John “Jock” Hamilton—the subjects of the musical documentary Hands Up—For You the War is Ended—are all listed as P.G. 59 internees.

I know from these four men’s repatriation records (also courtesy of Brian Sims) that William Armitt and Frank Bayley were interned at P.G. 59 from January 31, 1942 to May 15, 1943; “Jock” Hamilton from January 1, 1942 to May 15, 1943; and “Jock” Attrill from January 1942 to June 1943.

In May/June 1943 they were all transferred to P.G. 146/22 Vairano.

If these dates are an accurate reflection of where the men were interned at the time the Alphabetical List went to press, that would put its publication date at circa January 1942–May 1943.

Here is the list of officers and other ranks A-B, followed by a key to acronyms and abbreviations:

Officers

Duff, A. R. – Capt. – 115475 – R.A.M.C.
Hodgson, T. R. – Capt. – 128124 – A.D.C.
Millar, J. H. D. – Capt. – 98370 – R.A.M.C.
William, S. – Brig. – 13403 – R.A.

Other Ranks, A–B

Page 8
Achilles, C. – Cfm. 7614430 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44

Page 9
Adam, G. T. – Drv. – T/70369 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Adams, A. G. – Drv. – 1871731 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Adams, G. A. – Tpr. – 7909165 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Adamson, A. F. – Pte. – 6144598 – E. Surr – R.O. No. 23
Aitken, G. – L/Sgt. – 2980168 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Alden, G. – L/Cpl. T/151075 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Alexander, J. – L/Cpl. – 5506613 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 29
Allan, G. E. – Sgt. – 7621207 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32
Allaway, A. J. – L/Sgt. – 6914278 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Allen, B. J. – Sgt. – T/75228 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Allen, G. R. – L/Cpl. – 186837 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 24 (number is unclear)
Allen, F. J. – Gnr. – 876990 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 10
Allen, F. A. – Tpr. – 7915102 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Allenby, H. M. – Sgt. – 549921 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Allison, J. F. – Gnr. – 836851 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Alliston, W. – Gnr. – 1681705 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Allum, D. W. – Sgm – 2585112 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Almond, V. – Tpr. – 4538455 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Alnwick, R. – Pte. – 6284971 – Buffs. – R.O. No. 23
Anderson, C. – Gnr. – 1432941 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6

Page 11
Archer, H. E. – Gnr. – 1544134 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Armitt, Wm. – Dvr. – T/165163 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Armour, D. – Tpr. – 315436 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Arndle, F. W. – Pte. – 5506620 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Ashburn, J. H. – Gnr. – 4544652 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Ashburner, H. B. – Rfn. – 6852905 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Ashford, G. W. – L/Cpl. – 7881830 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Ashton, W. – Tpr. – 554018 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 12
Atkins, T. A. – Sgt. – 6341283 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Atkinson, J. L. – Sgm. – 2583123 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Atrill, J. C. – L/Bdr. – 1437951 – R.A. – R.O. No. 8
Austin, W. A. – Sgt. – 6845204 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Averlone, V. – Pte. – 6023593 – Essex – R.O. No. 21
Aylett, W. – B. S. M. – 1070347 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Babbington, J. W. – Cpl. – 6700562 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bagley, J.E. – Tpr. – 551916 – R.C.A. – R.O. No. 3

Page 13
Bailey, D. N. – Tpr. – 7896934 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bailey, F. T. – Cpl. – 7899996 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Baker, C. H. – Gnr. – 948455 – R.A. – R.O. No.5
Baker, E. J. – Cpl. – 2326800 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Balchin, A. J. – Dvr. – T/202289 – R.A.S.C – R.O. No. 29
Balfour, A. J. – Gnr. – 1438900 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Ballam, H. K. – Pte. – 5505936 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 2_ (this is a two digit number, but the edge of the page is torn off)
Baly, G. – Sgm. – 2330359 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10

Page 14
Banks, A. V. – Sgt. – 922719 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barbour, N. W. – Tpr. – 321467 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Barker, R. E. – Sgm. – 2334700 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Barlow, G. – Dvr/i/c – 1099347 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barnard, J. W. – Pte. – 6143343 – E. Surr. – R.O. No. 23
Barnes, A. G. – Pte. – 5494917 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Barr, M. – Rfm. – 6913634 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24

Page 15
Barron, H. A. – Sgt. – 6913166 – R.O. No. 24
Bartleman, J. – Dvr. – 71029 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bartlett, L. F. – Gnr. – 1147186 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Barton, T. – Cfn. – 7590638 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Baskett, H. W. – Dvr. – T/164277 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 16
Baxter, W. – Pte. – 4453412 – D.L.I. – R.O. No. 20
Bayes, E. A. – Dvr. – 2000063 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bayley, F. E. – Tpr. – 7909091 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Beale, J. W. – Tpr. – 7909517 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Beaumont, H. C. – Gnr. – 1135435 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Beavington, M. A. J. – Pte. – 7371994 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Beckerman, H. – Tpr. – 7901308 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 17
Bell, E. R. – Cfn. – 7614908 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Bellin, R. – L/Cpl. – T/164386 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Belson, W. S. – Gnr. – 978924 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bennett, S. A. – Dvr. – T/189052 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bennett, N. A. – L/Cpl. – 2585622 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Bennett, L. J. – Rfn. – 6852591 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Benson, G. H. – Rfn. – 6852592 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 30
Bentley, J. H. – Sgt. – 1432971 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Bentley, C. – Fus. – 14241648 – R.W.F. – R.O. No. 19

Page 18
Bindler, J. – Rfm. – 6920233 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Birchall, C. W. – Rfm. – 6844370 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Bird, G. H. – Gnr. – 936021 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Birkinshaw, B. – L/Sgt. – 785750 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bishop, E. W. H. – Gnr. – 953333 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Bishop, A. – Cpl. – 5947915 – B. & H. – R.O. No. 21
Bishop, L. F. – Tpr. – 7893400 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Blaby, F. J. – L/Sgt. – 7886593 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Black, J. – Pte. – 7375090 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Blackwell, G. H. – Drv. – 164271 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blake, G. W. B. – Drv. – T/136380 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Page 19
Blake, G. C. – Pte. – 5501875 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Blogg, N. – Pte. – S/3859571 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blondel, F. O. O. – Pte. – 7634404 – R.A.O.C – R.O. No. 32
Blood, F. – Pte. – 7357196 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Blyth, A. B. – Drv. – T/107681 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Blyth, J. – Sgt. – 403630 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 30
Boanas, G. A. – Drv. – 1907665 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bonner, C. – Rfm. – 6910904 – R.Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bonness, D. J. – Tpr. – 7889903 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Booker, A. G. – Pte. – 7629946 – R.A.O.C. – R.O. No. 32

Page 20
Boulter, V. – Drv. – T/164744 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bourke, F. G. – Cpl. – 7890321 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Boutell, A. – Tpr. – 7910544 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Boxall, R. E. – L/Cpl. – 85018 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Boyd, J. McD. – Pte. – 92100 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Boyd, J. – Gnr. – 845371 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5

Page 21
Boyle, P. J. – Drv. – 164976 – R.A.SC. – R.O. No. 29
Bozzone, J. A. L. – Tpr. – 7887518 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Brack, J. – L/Sgt. – 319428 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bradford, C. J. P. – Rfm. – 6915262 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brady, M. – Tpr. – 7909693 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Brawn, R. – Bdr. – 1433896 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6
Breadmore, L. J. – Drv./i/c – 1118236 – R.A. – R.O. No.5
Brewer, G. G. – Rfm. – 6920249 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brewster, D. T. – Tpr. – 7918123 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 22
Briers, H. A. – Drv. – 164496 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Briggs, A. J. – Drv. – 164275 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bringloe, W. G. – Rfm. – 6920259 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Bristow, E. S. G. – Cfn. – 7616589 – R.E.M.E. – R.O. No. 44
Broad, S. R. T. – Rfm. – 6913330 – R. Bde. – R.O. No. 24
Brook, D. E. M. – Tpr. – 7905220 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3

Page 23
Brown, E. L. – Drv. – 1061983 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Brown, A. M. E. – Gnr. – 1095609 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brown, H. T. – Gnr. 1110005 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brown, M. – Sgm. – 2047459 – R. Sigs. – R.O. No. 10
Brown, R. E. – L/Cpl. – 6011052 – Essex – R.O. No. 21
Brown, F. G. – Drv. – T/164274 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Brown, E. – Gnr. – 850483 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Brownlie, R. E. – Spr. – 2004944 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Broxup, A. – Tpr. – 3529759 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Bruce, C. – Sgt. – 2758668 – Bk. Watch – R.O. No. 16

Page 24
Bruce, F. – Tpr. – 7914046 – R.O. No. 3
Bryan, J. E. – Drv. – T/223011 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bryant, J. S. – Spr. – 1865335 – R.E. – R.O. No. 9
Bryson, P. – Sgt. – 2978709 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Bucklen, H. E. – Pte. – 6208520 – A.A.C. – R.O. No. 45
Bull, L. – Drv. – 164625 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bullimore, L. C. – Drv. – 164650 R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29
Bunting, W. – Pte. – 5502925 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Burgess, H. – Gnr. – 1559674 – R.A. – R.O. No. 6

Page 25
Burke, P. J. – Gnr. – 1095614 – R.A. – R.O. No. 5
Burke, M. J. – Pte. – 7264949 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Burk, P. O. – Pte. – 7265212 – R.A.M.C. – R.O. No. 30
Burns, M. – L.Cpl. – 319522 – R.A.C. – R.O. No. 3
Burns, J. – Pte. – 2989950 – A. & S.H. – R.O. No. 16
Burrows, L. C. – Pte. – 5496183 – Hamp. – R.O. No. 23
Burton, L. – Pte. – 6287115 – Buffs – R.O. No. 23
Burton, F. E. – Rfm. 6852139 – K.R.R.C. – R.O. No. 24
Bust, F. – Drv. – T/164537 – R.A.S.C. – R.O. No. 29

Acronyms and Abbreviations

A. & S.H. – Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders
A.A.C. – Army Air Corps
A.A.A.C. – Australian Army Aviation Corps
A.D.C. – This is an acronym for a unit name, possibly the Royal Army Dental Corps (R.A.D.C.)

B. & H. – Bedfordshire and Hertfordshire Regiment
B.S.M. – Battery Sergeant-Major
Bk. Watch – Black Watch (Royal Highland Regiment)
Bord. – Border Regiment
Brig. – Brigadier
Buffs – Royal East Kent Regiment (“The Buffs”)

C.G. – Coldstream Guards
C.S.M. – Company Sergeant Major
Cam. H.– Cameron Highlanders
Camns. – it seems likely this also refers to the Cameron Highlanders
Capt. – Captain
Cfn./Cfm. – Craftsman
Cpl. – Corporal

D.L.I. – Durham Light Infantry
Drv. – Driver
Dvr/i/c – Driver (meaning of i/c unknown)

E. Surr – East Surrey Regiment
Essex – Essex Brigade

Fus. – Fusilier

Gdsm. – Guardsman
Gn. How. – (unit name, full name unknown)
Gnr. – Gunner

Hamp. – Hampshire Regiment

K.R.R.C. – King’s Royal Rifle Corps

L/Bdr. – Lance Bombardier
L/Cpl. – Lance Corporal

P.S.M. – (rank unknown, may refer to a type of sergeant major)
Pte. – Private

Q.M.S. – Quartermaster Sergeant

R. Bde. – Rifle Brigade
R. Sigs. – Royal Signals
R.A. – Royal Artillery
R.A.C. – Royal Armoured Corps
R.A.M.C. – Royal Army Medical Corps
R.A.O.C. – Royal Army Ordnance Corps
R.A.S.C. – Royal Army Service Corps
R.E. – Royal Engineers
R.E.M.E. – Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers
R. Ir. R. – this may be the Royal Irish Rifles (although they became the Royal Ulster Rifles in January 1921)
R.O. – Radiotelephone Operator
R.U. Rif. – Royal Ulster Rifles
R.W.F. – Royal Welch Fusiliers

Rfn. – Rifleman

S.W.B.– South Wales Borders
S. Staff – (unit name, full name unknown)
Sgm./Sgmn. – Signalman
Sgt. – Sergeant
Sjt. – Serjeant (a variant of sergeant)
Spr. – Sapper

Tpr. – Trooper

W.G. – Welsh Guards
Welsh – may also refer to the Welsh Guards


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